mnist神经网络构建

准备数据
（1）导人必要的模块

import numpy as np
import torch
#导入 pytorch 内置的 mnist 数据
from torchvision.datasets import mnist 
#导入预处理模块
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
#导入nn及优化器
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
from torch import nn

（2）定义一些超参数

train_batch_size = 64
test_batch_size = 128
learning_rate = 0.01
num_epoches = 20
lr = 0.01
momentum = 0.5

（3）下载数据并对数据进行预处理

#定义预处理函数，这些预处理依次放在Compose函数中。
transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5])])
#下载数据，并对数据进行预处理
train_dataset = mnist.MNIST('./data', train=True, transform=transform, download=True)
test_dataset = mnist.MNIST('./data', train=False, transform=transform)
#dataloader是一个可迭代对象，可以使用迭代器一样使用。
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=train_batch_size, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=test_batch_size, shuffle=False)

可视化源数据

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

examples = enumerate(test_loader)
batch_idx, (example_data, example_targets) = next(examples)

fig = plt.figure()
for i in range(6):
  plt.subplot(2,3,i+1)
  plt.tight_layout()
  plt.imshow(example_data[i][0], cmap='gray', interpolation='none')
  plt.title("Ground Truth: {}".format(example_targets[i]))
  plt.xticks([])
  plt.yticks([])

构建模型

1）构建网络

class Net(nn.Module):
    """
    使用sequential构建网络，Sequential()函数的功能是将网络的层组合到一起
    """
    def __init__(self, in_dim, n_hidden_1, n_hidden_2, out_dim):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        self.layer1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(in_dim, n_hidden_1),nn.BatchNorm1d(n_hidden_1))
        self.layer2 = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(n_hidden_1, n_hidden_2),nn.BatchNorm1d(n_hidden_2))
        self.layer3 = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(n_hidden_2, out_dim))
        
 
    def forward(self, x):
        x = F.relu(self.layer1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.layer2(x))
        x = self.layer3(x)
        return x

实例化网络

#检测是否有可用的GPU，有则使用，否则使用CPU
device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
#实例化网络
model = Net(28 * 28, 300, 100, 10)
model.to(device)
# 定义损失函数和优化器
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=lr, momentum=momentum)

训练模型

1）训练模型

# 开始训练
losses = []
acces = []
eval_losses = []
eval_acces = []


for epoch in range(num_epoches):
    train_loss = 0
    train_acc = 0
    model.train()
    #动态修改参数学习率
    if epoch%5==0:
        optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr']*=0.1
    for img, label in train_loader:
        img=img.to(device)
        label = label.to(device)
        img = img.view(img.size(0), -1)
        # 前向传播
        out = model(img)
        loss = criterion(out, label)
        # 反向传播
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        # 记录误差
        train_loss += loss.item()
        # 计算分类的准确率
        _, pred = out.max(1)
        num_correct = (pred == label).sum().item()
        acc = num_correct / img.shape[0]
        train_acc += acc
        
    losses.append(train_loss / len(train_loader))
    acces.append(train_acc / len(train_loader))
    # 在测试集上检验效果
    eval_loss = 0
    eval_acc = 0
    # 将模型改为预测模式
    model.eval()
    for img, label in test_loader:
        img=img.to(device)
        label = label.to(device)
        img = img.view(img.size(0), -1)
        out = model(img)
        loss = criterion(out, label)
        # 记录误差
        eval_loss += loss.item()
        # 记录准确率
        _, pred = out.max(1)
        num_correct = (pred == label).sum().item()
        acc = num_correct / img.shape[0]
        eval_acc += acc
        
    eval_losses.append(eval_loss / len(test_loader))
    eval_acces.append(eval_acc / len(test_loader))
    print('epoch: {}, Train Loss: {:.4f}, Train Acc: {:.4f}, Test Loss: {:.4f}, Test Acc: {:.4f}'
          .format(epoch, train_loss / len(train_loader), train_acc / len(train_loader), 
                     eval_loss / len(test_loader), eval_acc / len(test_loader)))

2）可视化训练及测试损失值

plt.title('train loss')
plt.plot(np.arange(len(losses)), losses)
plt.legend(['Train Loss'], loc='upper right')

构建网络层

示例

class Net(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Net4, self).__init__()
        self.conv = torch.nn.Sequential(
            OrderedDict(
                [
                    ("conv1", torch.nn.Conv2d(3, 32, 3, 1, 1)),
                    ("relu1", torch.nn.ReLU()),
                    ("pool", torch.nn.MaxPool2d(2))
                ]
            ))
 
        self.dense = torch.nn.Sequential(
            OrderedDict([
                ("dense1", torch.nn.Linear(32 * 3 * 3, 128)),
                ("relu2", torch.nn.ReLU()),
                ("dense2", torch.nn.Linear(128, 10))
            ])
        )

训练模型时，使用model.train()把所有module设置为训练模式。
验证或测试阶段：model.eval() --将所有的trianing属性设置为false.

缺省情况下梯度是累加的，需要手工把梯度初始化或清零，调用optimizer.zero_grad()即可。训练过程中，正向传播生成网络的输出，计算输出和实际值之间的损失值。调用loss.backward()自动生成梯度，然后使用optimizer.step()执行优化器，把梯度传播回每个网络。

GPU训练： .to(device)
多GPU训练：nn.DataParallel