1. Integrated analysis of spatial and attribute data

a) Retrieval/Classification/ Measurement 检索/分类/测量

ratrieval: 应用于多段线和多边形，确定覆盖该特征的最小矩形，其边与空间参照系的轴平行

classification: sometimes called re-coding, involves 'comparison' operations

b) Overlay operations (two or more input layers are involved). Overlay can be performed in terms of arithmetic, logical, probabilistic and fuzzy manipulations可以通过算术、逻辑、概率和模糊操作来执行

b.1) arithmetic / statiscal: addition; subtraction; multiplication; division; average; power; rank; minimum; maximum

b.2)logical

b.3)probability

b.4)fuzy logic

c) Neighbourhood operations

c.1) search

c.2) point_in_polygon and line-in-polygon operations

c.3) topographic functions (or surface operations)

c.4) thiessen polygons

c.5) interpolation (IDW, kriging, Nearest neighbour interpolation...)

c.6) contour generation

d) Connectivity functions

d.1) proximity

d.2) spread

d.3) network analysis

d.4) intervisibility

d.5) illumination

d.6) perspectivve view

Read: Chapter 7 Burrough, McDonnell, Lloyd. Pplesof GIS.  Pp. 140