[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/ [root@localhost src]# ls debug kernels mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@localhost src]# groupadd -r mysql groupadd: group ‘mysql‘ already exists [root@localhost src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql
2.讲数据库包解压到/usr/local下，再给解压后的目录生成一个软链接mysql，把/usr/local/mysql的属主与属组更改为mysql。
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local [root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local [root@localhost local]# ls bin games lib libexec sbin src etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share [root@localhost local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql ‘mysql‘ -> ‘mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/‘ [root@localhost local]# ll total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 games drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 include drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 libexec lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 Dec 28 15:35 mysql -> mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ drwxr-xr-x. 9 7161 31415 129 Jun 2 2020 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Nov 13 22:08 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 src [root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql [root@localhost local]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 Dec 28 15:35 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
3.添加环境变量，再建立数据存放目录/opt/data。
[root@localhost local]# ls /usr/local/mysql bin docs include lib LICENSE man README share support-files [root@localhost local]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@localhost local]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@localhost local]# echo $PATH /usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin [root@localhost local]# mkdir /opt/data [root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql:mysql /opt/data/ [root@localhost local]# ll /opt/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 Dec 28 15:44 data
4.初始化数据库
[root@localhost local]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/ 2020-12-28T07:52:02.545659Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2020-12-28T07:52:03.204103Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2020-12-28T07:52:03.303585Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2020-12-28T07:52:03.370771Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 92dca673-48e1-11eb-a9f4-000c29b5300b. 2020-12-28T07:52:03.371455Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened. 2020-12-28T07:52:03.628412Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed. 2020-12-28T07:52:03.949543Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: %qt+-kq9R8&Z //请注意，这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是%qt+-kq9R8&Z //再次注意，这个密码是随机的，你的不会跟我一样，一定要记住这个密码，因为一会登录时会用到
mysql的配置文件为/etc/my.cnf
mysql常用配置文件参数：
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| port = 3306 | 设置监听端口 |
| socket = /tmp/mysql.sock | 指定套接字文件位置 |
| basedir = /usr/local/mysql | 指定MySQL的安装路径 |
| datadir = /data/mysql | 指定MySQL的数据存放路径 |
| pid-file = /data/mysql/mysql.pid | 指定进程ID文件存放路径 |
| user = mysql | 指定MySQL以什么用户的身份提供服务 |
| skip-name-resolve | 禁止MySQL对外部连接进行DNS解析 使用这一选项可以消除MySQL进行DNS解析的时间。 若开启该选项，则所有远程主机连接授权都要使用IP地址方 式否则MySQL将无法正常处理连接请求 |
5.生成配置文件
[root@localhost local]# vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve
6.配置服务启动脚本
[root@localhost local]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@localhost local]# vi /etc/init.d/mysqld # If you change base dir, you must also change datadir. These may get # overwritten by settings in the MySQL configuration files. basedir=/usr/local/mysql #加上路径 datadir=/opt/data #加上路径 # Default value, in seconds, afterwhich the script should timeout waiting # for server start. # Value here is overriden by value in my.cnf.
7.启动mysql服务
[root@localhost local]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.Logging to ‘/opt/data/localhost.localdomain.err‘. ... SUCCESS! [root@localhost local]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘%qt+-kq9R8&Z‘ mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory [root@localhost ~]# yum whatprovides libncurses.so.5 Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register. Last metadata expiration check: 2:45:08 ago on Mon 28 Dec 2020 03:49:42 PM CST. ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility : libraries Repo : BaseOS Matched from: Provide : libncurses.so.5 [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘%qt+-kq9R8&Z‘
8.更改密码为123456，并设置开机自动启动（mysql是6以前的版本）
mysql> set password = password(‘123456‘); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> quit Bye [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --add mysqld [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig mysqld on [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --list Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native systemd configuration. If you want to list systemd services use ‘systemctl list-unit-files‘. To see services enabled on particular target use ‘systemctl list-dependencies [target]‘. mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
9.mysql配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vi .my.cnf [client] user=root password=123456 [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.7.31 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. mysql>
10.破解mysql密码，修改为csl123
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve skip-grant-tables #加入跳过授权表 [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.... SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! [root@localhost ~]# mysql mysql> use mysql; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> select * from user\G #查找user=root host=localhost里内容 mysql> update user set authentication_string=password(‘csl123‘)where User=‘root‘ and Host=‘localhost‘; Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 1 mysql> quit Bye [root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf #删除skip-grant-tables [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart Shutting down MySQL.... SUCCESS! Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pcsl123
| 备份方案 | 特点 |
|---|---|
| 全量备份 | 全量备份就是指对某一个时间点上的所有数据或应用进行的一个完全拷贝。 数据恢复快。 备份时间长 |
| 增量备份 | 增量备份是指在一次全备份或上一次增量备份后，以后每次的备份只需备份 与前一次相比增加和者被修改的文件。这就意味着，第一次增量备份的对象 是进行全备后所产生的增加和修改的文件；第二次增量备份的对象是进行第一次增量 备份后所产生的增加和修改的文件，如此类推。 没有重复的备份数据 备份时间短 恢复数据时必须按一定的顺序进行 |
| 差异备份 | 备份上一次的完全备份后发生变化的所有文件。 差异备份是指在一次全备份后到进行差异备份的这段时间内 对那些增加或者修改文件的备份。在进行恢复时，我们只需对第一次全量备份和最后一次差异备份进行恢复。 |
11.数据库备份与恢复，全量备份到文件all.sql
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pcsl123 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.7.31 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. mysql> create database school; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> use school; Database changed mysql> create table student(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50),age tinyint); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) mysql> insert student(name,age)values(‘tom‘,12),(‘xiaoming‘,23),(‘xiaohong‘,18); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> quit Bye [root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pcsl123 --all-databases > all.sql mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost ~]# ls all.sql anaconda-ks.cfg csl passwd [root@localhost ~]# file all.sql all.sql: UTF-8 Unicode text, with very long lines [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pcsl123 -e ‘drop database school;‘ mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pcsl123 < all.sql mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pcsl123 -e ‘select * from school.student;‘ mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. +----+----------+------+ | id | name | age | +----+----------+------+ | 1 | tom | 12 | | 2 | xiaoming | 23 | | 3 | xiaohong | 18 | +----+----------+------+