在函数式编程语言中,为了表示方便,出现了一些新的语法格式。所谓前缀、中缀、后缀表达式,它们之间的区别在于运算符相对与操作数的位置不同,为了说明它们的概念,首先来看一下中缀表达式。
所谓中缀表达式,就是将函数名放到两个操作数中间的表达式,其中,左侧的操作数代表函数对象或值,右侧的操作数代表函数的参数值。例如:
(3 + 4) × 5 - 6 就是中缀表达式
- × + 3 4 5 6 前缀表达式
3 4 + 5 × 6 - 后缀表达式
前缀表达式
前缀表达式又称为前缀记法、波兰式,主要用于表示运算符位于操作数之前的表达式。
中缀表达式
中缀表达式又称为中缀记法,操作符以中缀形式处于操作数的中间。
中缀表达式是人们常用的算术表示方法,虽然人的大脑很容易理解与分析中缀表达式,但对计算机来说中缀表达式却是很复杂的,因此计算表达式的值时,通常需要先将中缀表达式转换为前缀或后缀表达式,然后再进行求值。对计算机来说,计算前缀或后缀表达式的值非常简单。
后缀表达式
后缀表达式又称为后缀记法、逆波兰式,后缀表达式与前缀表达式类似,只是运算符位于操作数之后。
前缀表达式求值
从右至左扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(栈顶元素 op 次顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最左端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
例如前缀表达式“- × + 3 4 5 6”计算的步骤如下:
(1) 从右至左扫描,将6、5、4、3压入堆栈;
(2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出3和4(3为栈顶元素,4为次顶元素,注意与后缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
(3) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出7和5,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
(4) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。
可以看出,用计算机计算前缀表达式的值是很容易的。
后缀表达式求值
与前缀表达式类似,只是顺序是从左至右:
从左至右扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(次顶元素 op 栈顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最右端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
例如后缀表达式“3 4 + 5 × 6 -”的计算步骤如下:
(1) 从左至右扫描,将3和4压入堆栈;
(2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出4和3(4为栈顶元素,3为次顶元素,注意与前缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
(3) 将5入栈;
(4) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出5和7,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
(5) 将6入栈;
(6) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。
前缀、中缀、后缀表达式相互转换
将中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式
遵循以下步骤:
(1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
(2) 从右至左扫描中缀表达式;
(3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
(4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
(4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为右括号“)”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
(4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的较高或相等,也将运算符压入S1;
(4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
(5) 遇到括号时:
(5-1) 如果是右括号“)”,则直接压入S1;
(5-2) 如果是左括号“(”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到右括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
(6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最左边;
(7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
(8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果即为中缀表达式对应的前缀表达式。
将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式
与转换为前缀表达式相似,遵循以下步骤:
(1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
(2) 从左至右扫描中缀表达式;
(3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
(4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
(4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为左括号“(”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
(4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的高,也将运算符压入S1(注意转换为前缀表达式时是优先级较高或相同,而这里则不包括相同的情况);
(4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
(5) 遇到括号时:
(5-1) 如果是左括号“(”,则直接压入S1;
(5-2) 如果是右括号“)”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到左括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
(6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最右边;
(7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
(8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果的逆序即为中缀表达式对应的后缀表达式(转换为前缀表达式时不用逆序)。
示例
package com.xzh;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Stack;
public class Demo {
public static final String USAGE = "== usage ==\n"
+ "input the expressions, and then the program "
+ "will calculate them and show the result.\n"
+ "input 'bye' to exit.\n";
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(USAGE);
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
String input = "";
final String CLOSE_MARK = "bye";
System.out.println("input an expression:");
input = scanner.nextLine();
while (input.length() != 0
&& !CLOSE_MARK.equals((input))) {
System.out.print("Polish Notation (PN):");
try {
toPolishNotation(input);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("\ninput error, not a number.");
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
System.out.println("\ninput error:" + e.getMessage());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("\ninput error, invalid expression.");
}
System.out.print("Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):");
try {
toReversePolishNotation(input);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("\ninput error, not a number.");
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
System.out.println("\ninput error:" + e.getMessage());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("\ninput error, invalid expression.");
}
System.out.println("input a new expression:");
input = scanner.nextLine();
}
System.out.println("program exits");
}
/**
* parse the expression , and calculate it.
* @param input
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* @throws NumberFormatException
*/
private static void toPolishNotation(String input)
throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {
int len = input.length();
char c, tempChar;
Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();
Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();
Stack<Object> expression = new Stack<Object>();
double number;
int lastIndex = -1;
for (int i=len-1; i>=0; --i) {
c = input.charAt(i);
if (Character.isDigit(c)) {
lastIndex = readDoubleReverse(input, i);
number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(lastIndex, i+1));
s2.push(number);
i = lastIndex;
if ((int) number == number)
expression.push((int) number);
else
expression.push(number);
} else if (isOperator(c)) {
while (!s1.isEmpty()
&& s1.peek() != ')'
&& priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) < 0) {
expression.push(s1.peek());
s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), s1.pop()));
}
s1.push(c);
} else if (c == ')') {
s1.push(c);
} else if (c == '(') {
while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != ')') {
expression.push(tempChar);
s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));
if (s1.isEmpty()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"bracket dosen't match, missing right bracket ')'.");
}
}
} else if (c == ' ') {
// ignore
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"wrong character '" + c + "'");
}
}
while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
tempChar = s1.pop();
expression.push(tempChar);
s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));
}
while (!expression.isEmpty()) {
System.out.print(expression.pop() + " ");
}
double result = s2.pop();
if (!s2.isEmpty())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");
System.out.println();
if ((int) result == result)
System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);
else
System.out.println("the result is " + result);
}
/**
* parse the expression, and calculate it.
* @param input
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* @throws NumberFormatException
*/
private static void toReversePolishNotation(String input)
throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {
int len = input.length();
char c, tempChar;
Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();
Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();
double number;
int lastIndex = -1;
for (int i=0; i<len; ++i) {
c = input.charAt(i);
if (Character.isDigit(c) || c == '.') {
lastIndex = readDouble(input, i);
number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(i, lastIndex));
s2.push(number);
i = lastIndex - 1;
if ((int) number == number)
System.out.print((int) number + " ");
else
System.out.print(number + " ");
} else if (isOperator(c)) {
while (!s1.isEmpty()
&& s1.peek() != '('
&& priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) <= 0) {
System.out.print(s1.peek() + " ");
double num1 = s2.pop();
double num2 = s2.pop();
s2.push(calc(num2, num1, s1.pop()));
}
s1.push(c);
} else if (c == '(') {
s1.push(c);
} else if (c == ')') {
while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != '(') {
System.out.print(tempChar + " ");
double num1 = s2.pop();
double num2 = s2.pop();
s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));
if (s1.isEmpty()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"bracket dosen't match, missing left bracket '('.");
}
}
} else if (c == ' ') {
// ignore
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"wrong character '" + c + "'");
}
}
while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
tempChar = s1.pop();
System.out.print(tempChar + " ");
double num1 = s2.pop();
double num2 = s2.pop();
s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));
}
double result = s2.pop();
if (!s2.isEmpty())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");
System.out.println();
if ((int) result == result)
System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);
else
System.out.println("the result is " + result);
}
/**
* calculate the two number with the operation.
* @param num1
* @param num2
* @param op
* @return
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
*/
private static double calc(double num1, double num2, char op)
throws IllegalArgumentException {
switch (op) {
case '+':
return num1 + num2;
case '-':
return num1 - num2;
case '*':
return num1 * num2;
case '/':
if (num2 == 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("divisor can't be 0.");
return num1 / num2;
default:
return 0; // will never catch up here
}
}
private static int priorityCompare(char op1, char op2) {
switch (op1) {
case '+': case '-':
return (op2 == '*' || op2 == '/' ? -1 : 0);
case '*': case '/':
return (op2 == '+' || op2 == '-' ? 1 : 0);
}
return 1;
}
/**
* read the next number (reverse)
* @param input
* @param start
* @return
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
*/
private static int readDoubleReverse(String input, int start)
throws IllegalArgumentException {
int dotIndex = -1;
char c;
for (int i=start; i>=0; --i) {
c = input.charAt(i);
if (c == '.') {
if (dotIndex != -1)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"there have more than 1 dots in the number.");
else
dotIndex = i;
} else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {
return i + 1;
} else if (i == 0) {
return 0;
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");
}
/**
* read the next number
* @param input
* @param start
* @return
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
*/
private static int readDouble(String input, int start)
throws IllegalArgumentException {
int len = input.length();
int dotIndex = -1;
char c;
for (int i=start; i<len; ++i) {
c = input.charAt(i);
if (c == '.') {
if (dotIndex != -1)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"there have more than 1 dots in the number.");
else if (i == len - 1)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");
else
dotIndex = i;
} else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {
if (dotIndex == -1 || i - dotIndex > 1)
return i;
else
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");
} else if (i == len - 1) {
return len;
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");
}
/**
* return true if the character is an operator.
* @param c
* @return
*/
private static boolean isOperator(char c) {
return (c=='+' || c=='-' || c=='*' || c=='/');
}
}