目录:
一、AutoLayout自动布局
1.什么是AutoLayout
从ios6开始引入的新技术,是新版的自动布局技术
2.基本原理
通过对视图中所有子视图添加各种约束的方式实现布局,约束是一种规则,保存在父视图中,约束(constraint)类似于:
此子视图相对父视图的左边一定20个点
此子视图相对父视图的上边一定20个点
此子视图宽100个点,高30个点。
3.使用AutoLayout
[MX1-AutoLayout]按住ctrl向上下左右托
4.约束的颜色:
4.1设置约束两大原则
1>描述清晰
2>互不冲突
4.2颜色的含义
橘黄色:描述不清楚
蓝色:满足两大原则
红色:冲突
5.各种约束
1>对齐的约束
2>间距的约束(双击线条可以修改间距)
3>大小的约束(宽高)
4>最佳大小
一些常用控件(或视图),拥有最佳大小属性,所以即使不添加宽高的约束,也满足两大原则,如UIButton,UILabel,UIStepper,但如果控件没有最佳大小属性,那么在自动布局中就需要设置宽高(托自己),否则无法满足两大原则中的描述清晰原则,如UIImageView
5>参考其他控件(托到其他控件)
练习:[MX2]
[MX3]两个按钮在屏幕的上方,左按钮离屏幕左10个点,右按钮离屏幕右10个点,两个按钮间10个点,两个按钮等宽,水平对齐,离状态栏10个点
developer.apple.com
wwdc2013 session 406 AutoLayout
6.用代码方法实现自动布局
[MX4-AutoLayout-Code]
6.1万能公式
view1.attr1 = view2.attr2 * multiplier + constant
如:button.top = self.view.top * 1 + 10
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; // button布局约束 UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem]; [button setBackgroundColor:[UIColor greenColor]]; CGRect frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, 100, 80); button.frame = frame; // 1.先加入到父视图 [self.view addSubview:button]; // AutoLayout代码应该写在此处,2.在设置约束 // view1.attr1 = view2.attr2 * multiplier + constant // button.top = self.view.top * 1 + 10 NSLayoutConstraint *topMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop multiplier:1 constant:10]; // button.right = self.view.top * 1 - 10 NSLayoutConstraint *rightMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight multiplier:1 constant:-10]; // button.width = nil + 100; NSLayoutConstraint *widthMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeWidth relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:nil attribute:NSLayoutAttributeWidth multiplier:1 constant:100]; // button.height = nil = 50; NSLayoutConstraint *heithtMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeHeight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:nil attribute:NSLayoutAttributeHeight multiplier:1 constant:60]; NSArray *constraints = @[topMargin,rightMargin,widthMargin,heithtMargin]; [self.view addConstraints:constraints]; // 解决AutoLayout和AutoResizing之间的冲突,将Autoresizing自动翻译成AutoLayout约束的动作取消 self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; button.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; } -(void)viewDidLayoutSubviews{ // 这儿的代码是纯代码布局时使用,只用来改变子视图的frame // 不能在此写AutoLayout布局代码 }
6.2VFL(Visual Format Language)
利用以下方法创建多个约束
+ (NSArray *)constraintsWithVisualFormat:(NSString *)format options:(NSLayoutFormatOptions)opts metrics:(NSDictionary *)metrics views:(NSDictionary *)views;
格式化字符串:
|-20-[button1]-10-[button2(==button1)]-10-[button3(==button1)]-20-| 水平方向
V:|-20-[button1] 垂直方向
[MX5-VFL]
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; UIButton *button1 = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem]; [button1 setTitle:@"button1" forState:UIControlStateNormal]; button1.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor]; [self.view addSubview:button1]; UIButton *button2 = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem]; [button2 setTitle:@"button2" forState:UIControlStateNormal]; button2.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor]; [self.view addSubview:button2]; UIButton *button3 = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem]; [button3 setTitle:@"button3" forState:UIControlStateNormal]; button3.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor]; [self.view addSubview:button3]; // 关掉Autoresizing button1.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; button2.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; button3.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; // 创建多个约束 NSString *formatString = @"|-10-[btn1]-10-[btn2(==btn1)]-10-[btn3(==btn1)]-10-|";// 水平方向 NSDictionary *views = @{@"btn1" : button1, @"btn2" : button2, @"btn3" : button3}; NSArray *constranints = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:formatString options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllCenterY metrics:nil views:views]; [self.view addConstraints:constranints]; formatString = @"V:|-20-[btn1]";// 垂直方向 constranints = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:formatString options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllCenterY metrics:nil views:views]; [self.view addConstraints:constranints]; }
7.自动布局总结
1>代码自动布局尽量避免
2>使用自动布局时,尽量在程序中不要直接改变被自动布局的视图的frame
3>当控件或子视图非常多时,自动布局会发挥更大的作用
4>如果使用transform,就无法使用自动布局
二、动画(Animation)
1.概念:把一些静态的图片快速切换就会形成动画,每一张静态的图片叫一帧,如果25~30帧/秒,人眼就无法识别帧间切换,感觉起来就是动画了。
cocos2D-X 1/60 FPS帧率(一帧需要多少秒来播放)
2.ios动画
可以用多种方式实现,一种最简单的方式:
UIImage类,animatedImageNamed:duration:
一般用做非常简单,图片比较小,动画过程比较固定的动画
[MX6-Animation-UIImage]
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.imageView.image = [UIImage animatedImageNamed:@"ship-anim" duration:1.0/10 * 5]; }
3.NSTimer定时器
在指定的时间内向指定对象发送指定的方法,可以设置重复
[mx7-NSTimer]
- (IBAction)connect:(UIBarButtonItem *)sender { [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:0.3 target:self selector:@selector(titleChange:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; } -(void)titleChange:(id)sender{ if (self.count == 0) { self.title = @"连接中."; }else if(self.count == 1){ self.title = @"连接中.."; }else if(self.count == 2){ self.title = @"连接中..."; }else if(self.count == 3){ self.title = @"连接中...."; }else if(self.count == 4){ self.title = @"连接中....."; }else if(self.count == 5){ self.title = @"连接中......"; } self.count++; self.count %= 6; }
4.NSTimer制作动画
4.1匀速动画
在指定时间点向控制对象发消息,从而改变对象的 具体属性.frame .bounds .center .transform .alpha
[MX8- Animation-Timer]
匀速动画
当前值 = 开始值 + 当前帧数 * (目标值 - 开始值) / (帧率 * 动画时长)
- (IBAction)fadeIn:(UIButton *)sender { [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.0 / FPS target:self selector:@selector(fadeInAnimate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; } -(void)fadeInAnimate:(NSTimer *)sender{ // 结果值 = 开始值 + 当前帧序数 * (结束值 - 开始值)/(帧率 * 动画时长) self.times++; self.imageView.alpha = 0 + self.times * (1.0 - 0)/(FPS * 3); if (self.times >= FPS * 3) { [sender invalidate]; self.times = 0; } NSLog(@"%d",self.times); } - (IBAction)fadeOut:(UIButton *)sender { [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.0 / FPS target:self selector:@selector(fadeOutAnimate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; } -(void)fadeOutAnimate:(NSTimer *)sender{ self.times--; self.imageView.alpha = 1.0 - self.times * (0 - 1.0)/(FPS * 3); NSLog(@"%d",self.times); if (self.times <= -FPS * 3) { [sender invalidate]; self.times = 0; } }
4.2渐变动画
变速动画
当前值 = 上一次的值 + (目标值 - 上次值) * 渐近因子
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.startY = self.playView.center.y; } - (IBAction)start:(UIButton *)sender { [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1/FPS target:self selector:@selector(animate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; } -(void)animate:(NSTimer *)sender{ // 匀速动画 // 当前值 = 开始值 + 当前帧数 * (结束值 - 开始值) / (帧率 * 动画时长) self.count++; CGPoint center = self.playView.center; center.y = self.startY + self.count * (100 - self.startY) * 0.01; self.playView.center = center; if (self.playView.center.y <= 100) { [sender invalidate]; } } - (IBAction)start2:(id)sender { [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1/FPS target:self selector:@selector(animate2:) userInfo:Nil repeats:YES]; } -(void)animate2:(NSTimer *)sender{ // 变速动画 // 当前值 = 上次值 + (结束值 - 上次值) * 渐进因子 CGPoint center = self.playView.center; center.y = center.y + (100 - center.y) * 0.1; self.playView.center = center; if (self.playView.center.y <= 100) { [sender invalidate]; } }