Java String 字符串的HashCode值
public int hashCode()
Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a String object is computed as： s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
using int arithmetic, where s[i] is the ith character of the string, n is the length of the string, and ^ indicates exponentiation. (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
Java的内部类分为四种，static inner class, member inner calss, local inner class, anonymous inner class四种，前两种都可以使用类修饰符，如public和static，而第三种不能使用修饰符，且只能访问外部类中的final对象变量，local inner class 和anonymous class 是在方法中定义的。
为啥只能访问final呢？如果不使用final将导致：局部变量的生命周期与局部内部类的对象的生命周期的不一致性!
设方法f被调用,从而在它的调用栈中生成了变量i,此时产生了一个局部内部类对象inner_object,它访问了该局部变量i .当方法f()运行结束后,局部变量i就已死亡了,不存在了.但:局部内部类对象inner_object还可能 一直存在(只能没有人再引用该对象时,它才会死亡),它不会随着方法f()运行结束死亡.这时:出现了一个"荒唐"结果:局部内部类对象inner_object要访问一个已不存在的局部变量i!
JDK动态代理中包含一个类和一个接口：
InvocationHandler接口：
public interface InvocationHandler {
public Object invoke(Object proxy,Method method,Object[] args) throws Throwable;
}
参数说明：
Object proxy：指被代理的对象。
Method method：要调用的方法
Object[] args：方法调用时所需要的参数
可以将InvocationHandler接口的子类想象成一个代理的最终操作类，替换掉ProxySubject。
Proxy类：
Proxy类是专门完成代理的操作类，可以通过此类为一个或多个接口动态地生成实现类，此类提供了如下的操作方法：
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces,
InvocationHandler h)
throws IllegalArgumentException
参数说明：
ClassLoader loader：类加载器
Class<?>[] interfaces：得到全部的接口
InvocationHandler h：得到InvocationHandler接口的子类实例
Ps:类加载器
在Proxy类中的newProxyInstance（）方法中需要一个ClassLoader类的实例，ClassLoader实际上对应的是类加载器，在Java中主要有一下三种类加载器;
Booststrap ClassLoader：此加载器采用C++编写，一般开发中是看不到的；
Extendsion ClassLoader：用来进行扩展类的加载，一般对应的是jre\lib\ext目录中的类;
AppClassLoader：(默认)加载classpath指定的类，是最常使用的是一种加载器。
动态代理
与静态代理类对照的是动态代理类，动态代理类的字节码在程序运行时由Java反射机制动态生成，无需程序员手工编写它的源代码。动态代理类不仅简化了编程工作，而且提高了软件系统的可扩展性，因为Java 反射机制可以生成任意类型的动态代理类。java.lang.reflect 包中的Proxy类和InvocationHandler 接口提供了生成动态代理类的能力。
Proxy provides static methods for creating dynamic proxy classes and instances, and it is also the superclass of all dynamic proxy classes created by those methods.
To create a proxy for some interface Foo :
InvocationHandler handler = new MyInvocationHandler(...);
Class proxyClass = Proxy.getProxyClass(Foo.class.getClassLoader(), new Class[] { Foo.class });
Foo f = (Foo) proxyClass.getConstructor(new Class[] { InvocationHandler.class }).newInstance(new Object[] { handler });
or more simply:
Foo f = (Foo) Proxy.newProxyInstance(Foo.class.getClassLoader(), new Class[] { Foo.class },handler);
A dynamic proxy class (simply referred to as a proxy class below) is a class that implements a list of interfaces specified at runtime when the class is created, with behavior as described below.
Proxy类中的关于getProxyClass方法和newProxyInstance方法
public static Class<?> getProxyClass(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>... interfaces)
throws IllegalArgumentException
{
if (interfaces.length > 65535) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded");
}
Class proxyClass = null;
/* collect interface names to use as key for proxy class cache */
String[] interfaceNames = new String[interfaces.length];
Set interfaceSet = new HashSet(); // for detecting duplicates
for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
/*
* Verify that the class loader resolves the name of this
* interface to the same Class object.
*/
String interfaceName = interfaces[i].getName();
Class interfaceClass = null;
try {
interfaceClass = Class.forName(interfaceName, false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
}
if (interfaceClass != interfaces[i]) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
interfaces[i] + " is not visible from class loader");
}
/*
* Verify that the Class object actually represents an
* interface.
*/
if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");
}
/*
* Verify that this interface is not a duplicate.
*/
if (interfaceSet.contains(interfaceClass)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName());
}
interfaceSet.add(interfaceClass);
interfaceNames[i] = interfaceName;
}
/*
* Using string representations of the proxy interfaces as
* keys in the proxy class cache (instead of their Class
* objects) is sufficient because we require the proxy
* interfaces to be resolvable by name through the supplied
* class loader, and it has the advantage that using a string
* representation of a class makes for an implicit weak
* reference to the class.
*/
Object key = Arrays.asList(interfaceNames);
/*
* Find or create the proxy class cache for the class loader.
*/
Map cache;
synchronized (loaderToCache) {
cache = (Map) loaderToCache.get(loader);
if (cache == null) {
cache = new HashMap();
loaderToCache.put(loader, cache);
}
/*
* This mapping will remain valid for the duration of this
* method, without further synchronization, because the mapping
* will only be removed if the class loader becomes unreachable.
*/
}
/*
* Look up the list of interfaces in the proxy class cache using
* the key. This lookup will result in one of three possible
* kinds of values:
* null, if there is currently no proxy class for the list of
* interfaces in the class loader,
* the pendingGenerationMarker object, if a proxy class for the
* list of interfaces is currently being generated,
* or a weak reference to a Class object, if a proxy class for
* the list of interfaces has already been generated.
*/
synchronized (cache) {
/*
* Note that we need not worry about reaping the cache for
* entries with cleared weak references because if a proxy class
* has been garbage collected, its class loader will have been
* garbage collected as well, so the entire cache will be reaped
* from the loaderToCache map.
*/
do {
Object value = cache.get(key);
if (value instanceof Reference) {
proxyClass = (Class) ((Reference) value).get();
}
if (proxyClass != null) {
// proxy class already generated: return it
return proxyClass;
} else if (value == pendingGenerationMarker) {
// proxy class being generated: wait for it
try {
cache.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
/*
* The class generation that we are waiting for should
* take a small, bounded time, so we can safely ignore
* thread interrupts here.
*/
}
continue;
} else {
/*
* No proxy class for this list of interfaces has been
* generated or is being generated, so we will go and
* generate it now. Mark it as pending generation.
*/
cache.put(key, pendingGenerationMarker);
break;
}
} while (true);
}
try {
String proxyPkg = null; // package to define proxy class in
/*
* Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the
* proxy class will be defined in the same package. Verify that
* all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.
*/
for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
int flags = interfaces[i].getModifiers();
if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {
String name = interfaces[i].getName();
int n = name.lastIndexOf(‘.‘);
String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));
if (proxyPkg == null) {
proxyPkg = pkg;
} else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"non-public interfaces from different packages");
}
}
}
if (proxyPkg == null) { // if no non-public proxy interfaces,
proxyPkg = ""; // use the unnamed package
}
{
/*
* Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.
*/
long num;
synchronized (nextUniqueNumberLock) {
num = nextUniqueNumber++;
}
String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;
/*
* Verify that the class loader hasn‘t already
* defined a class with the chosen name.
*/
/*
* Generate the specified proxy class.
*/
byte[] proxyClassFile = ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass(
proxyName, interfaces);
try {
proxyClass = defineClass0(loader, proxyName,
proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length);
} catch (ClassFormatError e) {
/*
* A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the
* proxy class generation code) there was some other
* invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy
* class creation (such as virtual machine limitations
* exceeded).
*/
throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
}
}
// add to set of all generated proxy classes, for isProxyClass
proxyClasses.put(proxyClass, null);
} finally {
/*
* We must clean up the "pending generation" state of the proxy
* class cache entry somehow. If a proxy class was successfully
* generated, store it in the cache (with a weak reference);
* otherwise, remove the reserved entry. In all cases, notify
* all waiters on reserved entries in this cache.
*/
synchronized (cache) {
if (proxyClass != null) {
cache.put(key, new WeakReference(proxyClass));
} else {
cache.remove(key);
}
cache.notifyAll();
}
}
return proxyClass;
}
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,Class<?>[] interfaces,InvocationHandler h)
throws IllegalArgumentException
{
if (h == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
/*
* Look up or generate the designated proxy class.
*/
Class cl = getProxyClass(loader, interfaces);
/*
* Invoke its constructor with the designated invocation handler.
*/
try {
Constructor cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);
return (Object) cons.newInstance(new Object[] { h });
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString());
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString());
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString());
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString());
}
}
http://www.cnblogs.com/jqyp/archive/2010/08/20/1805041.html
深度优先搜索：Depth First Search， 树的先根遍历
广度优先搜索：Breadth First Search, 树的按层次遍历
对象的序列化操作： FileOutputStream fs = new FileOutputStream("person.txt"); ObjectOutputStream os = new ObjectOutputStream(fs); os.writeObject(userList);
public 和static的位置可以调换，
如何覆写equals()和hashcode
覆写equals方法
1 使用instanceof操作符检查“实参是否为正确的类型”。
2 对于类中的每一个“关键域”，检查实参中的域与当前对象中对应的域值。
3. 对于非float和double类型的原语类型域，使用==比较；
4 对于对象引用域，递归调用equals方法；
5 对于float域，使用Float.floatToIntBits(afloat)转换为int，再使用==比较；
6 对于double域，使用Double.doubleToLongBits(adouble)转换为int，再使用==比较；
7 对于数组域，调用Arrays.equals方法。
覆写hashcode
1. 把某个非零常数值，例如17，保存在int变量result中；
2. 对于对象中每一个关键域f（指equals方法中考虑的每一个域）：
3, boolean型，计算(f? 0 : 1);
4. byte,char,short型，计算(int);
5. long型，计算(int)(f ^ (f>>>32));
6. float型，计算Float.floatToIntBits(afloat);
7. double型，计算Double.doubleToLongBits(adouble)得到一个long，再执行[2.3];
8. 对象引用，递归调用它的hashCode方法;
9. 数组域，对其中每个元素调用它的hashCode方法。
10. 将上面计算得到的散列码保存到int变量c，然后执行result=37*result+c;
11. 返回result。