2.1.3 管理分区
列出块设备
lsblk
创建分区命令
fdisk 管理MBR分区
gdisk 管理GPT分区
parted 高级分区操作，可以是交互或非交互方式
重新设置内存中的内核分区表版本，适合于除了CentOS 6 以外的其它版本 5，7，8
partprobe
2.1.3.1 parted
注意：parted的操作都是实时生效的，小心使用
格式：
parted [选项]... [设备 [命令 [参数]...]...]
f范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# alias scandisk
alias scandisk='echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan;echo '\''- - -'\'' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan'
[root@rocky8 ~]# scandisk
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
[root@rocky8 ~]# hexdump -C -n 512 -v /dev/sdb
00000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000040 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000200
#磁盘上没有分区信息
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help #查看帮助
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular
partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) mklabel msdos #设置成MBR分区
(parted) quit #退出
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# hexdump -C -n 512 -v /dev/sdb
00000000 fa b8 00 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |................|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 01 8b |.........|...t..|
00000040 4c 02 cd 13 ea 00 7c 00 00 eb fe 00 00 00 00 00 |L.....|.........|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 3b 8f 95 00 00 00 00 |........A;......|
000001c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
#现在已经有分区信息了，41 3b 8f 95
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
#print 打印分区
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 1 200
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
#分区
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 200MB 199MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# hexdump -C -n 512 -v /dev/sdb
00000000 fa b8 00 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |................|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 01 8b |.........|...t..|
00000040 4c 02 cd 13 ea 00 7c 00 00 eb fe 00 00 00 00 00 |L.....|.........|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 3b 8f 95 00 00 00 04 |........A;......|
000001c0 01 04 83 fd 82 fe 00 08 00 00 00 f0 05 00 00 00 |................|
000001d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
#00 04 000001c0 01 04 83 fd 82 fe 00 08 00 00 00 f0 05 00 这就是分区表信息
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 201 500
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 200MB 199MB primary
2 201MB 500MB 299MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# hexdump -C -n 512 -v /dev/sdb
00000000 fa b8 00 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |................|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 01 8b |.........|...t..|
00000040 4c 02 cd 13 ea 00 7c 00 00 eb fe 00 00 00 00 00 |L.....|.........|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 3b 8f 95 00 00 00 04 |........A;......|
000001c0 01 04 83 fd 82 fe 00 08 00 00 00 f0 05 00 00 03 |................|
000001d0 c1 03 83 fe c2 ff 00 00 06 00 00 e8 08 00 00 00 |................|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
#00 03 000001d0 c1 03 83 fe c2 ff 00 00 06 00 00 e8 08 00 这是第二个分区信息
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 200MB 199MB primary
2 201MB 500MB 299MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb rm 1
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
#删除分区
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
2 201MB 500MB 299MB primary
#现在已经没有第一个分区了
[root@rocky8 ~]# hexdump -C -n 512 -v /dev/sdb
00000000 fa b8 00 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |................|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 01 8b |.........|...t..|
00000040 4c 02 cd 13 ea 00 7c 00 00 eb fe 00 00 00 00 00 |L.....|.........|
00000050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000120 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000190 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 3b 8f 95 00 00 00 00 |........A;......|
000001c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 |................|
000001d0 c1 03 83 fe c2 ff 00 00 06 00 00 e8 08 00 00 00 |................|
000001e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 aa |..............U.|
00000200
#第一个分区表就空了
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted -l
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 215GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 1075MB 1074MB primary xfs boot
2 1075MB 108GB 107GB primary xfs
3 108GB 162GB 53.7GB primary xfs
4 162GB 215GB 52.6GB extended
5 162GB 164GB 2147MB logical linux-swap(v1)
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
2 201MB 500MB 299MB primary
Error: /dev/nvme0n1: unrecognised disk label
Model: NVMe Device (nvme)
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 10.7GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: unknown
Disk Flags:
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0
has been opened read-only.
Model: NECVMWar VMware IDE CDR10 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sr0: 9908MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 2048B/2048B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
2 48.1MB 88.2MB 40.1MB primary esp
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
2 201MB 500MB 299MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb rm 2
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
范例:
[root@centos8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb print
Error: /dev/sdb: unrecognised disk label
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: unknown
Disk Flags:
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 1 1001
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1001MB 1000MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary 1002 1102
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1001MB 1000MB primary
2 1002MB 1102MB 99.6MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb rm 2
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1001MB 1000MB primary
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb mklabel msdos
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
[root@rocky8 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular
partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted)
2.1.3.2 fdisk和gdisk
fdisk -l [-u] [device...] 查看分区
fdisk [device...] 管理MBR分区
gdisk [device...] 类fdisk 的GPT分区工具
子命令：
p 分区列表
t 更改分区类型
n 创建新分区
d 删除分区
v 校验分区
u 转换单位
w 保存并退出
q 不保存并退出
查看内核是否已经识别新的分区
cat /proc/partations
Centos6 通知内核重新读取硬盘分区表
新增分区用
partx -a /dev/DEVICE
kpartx -a /dev/DEVICE -f: force
#示例：
[root@centos6 ~]#partx -a /dev/sda
删除分区用
partx -d --nr M-N /dev/DEVICE
#示例：
[root@centos6 ~]#partx -d --nr 6-8 /dev/sda
范例:非交互式创建分区
echo -e 'n\np\n\n\n+2G\nw\n' | fdisk /dev/sdc
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# dnf -y install gdisk
[root@rocky8 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
[root@rocky8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m #帮助
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): p #查看分区情况
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Command (m for help): n #新建分区
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e #扩展分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 2 #第二个分区
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 1 #不能从1开始，2048前都预留了
Value out of range.
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): #默认从2048开始
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Extended' and of size 10 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 1 extended, 3 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): p #主分区
Partition number (1,3,4, default 1): 1
First sector (20973568-41943039, default 20973568):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (20973568-41943039, default 41943039): +1G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l #逻辑分区
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (4096-20973567, default 4096):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4096-20973567, default 20973567): +2G
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4096 4198399 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (4200448-20973567, default 4200448):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4200448-20973567, default 20973567): +1G
Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4096 4198399 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): w #保存退出
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
[root@rocky8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4096 4198399 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2,5,6, default 6): 5
Partition 5 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (4096-20973567, default 4096):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4096-4200447, default 4200447): +5G
Value out of range. #提示超出范围，因为前面分的2G，从4096开始，连续空间不足5G，不能分。
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4096-4200447, default 4200447):
Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 4096 4200447 4196352 2G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2,5,6, default 6): 6
Partition 6 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (4096-20973567, default 4096): 6297600
Sector 6297600 is already allocated. #从6297600开始，提示已经被使用，系统默认让从6299648开始分。
First sector (6299648-20973567, default 6299648):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6299648-20973567, default 20973567): +5G
Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 6299648 16785407 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 1G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 5G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
#上面是为了做实验，理解分区，生产中这样分是不合理的
[root@rocky8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 20973568 23070719 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4200448 6297599 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 6299648 16785407 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2,5,6, default 6): 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (2,5,6, default 6): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +1G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (2099200-41943039, default 2099200):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-41943039, default 41943039): +2G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (6293504-41943039, default 6293504):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6293504-41943039, default 41943039):
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Extended' and of size 17 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 6293504 41943039 35649536 17G 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n
All space for primary partitions is in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (6295552-41943039, default 6295552):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (6295552-41943039, default 41943039): +2G
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 6293504 41943039 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 6295552 10489855 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
All space for primary partitions is in use.
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (10491904-41943039, default 10491904):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (10491904-41943039, default 41943039): +3G
Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 6293504 41943039 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 6295552 10489855 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 10491904 16783359 6291456 3G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 3G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# scandisk
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 3G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
[root@rocky8 ~]# gdisk /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3
Partition table scan:
MBR: not present
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
Creating new GPT entries.
Command (? for help): ? #帮助
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): p #查看分区情况
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 20971453 sectors (10.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
Command (? for help): n #创建新分区
Partition number (1-128, default 1): #分区编号
First sector (34-20971486, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: #开始从2048分
Last sector (2048-20971486, default = 20971486) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G #分1G
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): #分区类型
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 18874301 sectors (9.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (34-20971486, default = 2099200) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2099200-20971486, default = 20971486) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +2G
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 14679997 sectors (7.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 6293503 2.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (3-128, default 3):
First sector (34-20971486, default = 6293504) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (6293504-20971486, default = 20971486) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 12582845 sectors (6.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 6293503 2.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
3 6293504 8390655 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): d #删除分区
Partition number (1-3): 3
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 14679997 sectors (7.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 6293503 2.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w #保存退出
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y #是否确定
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 3G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 6293504 41943039 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 6295552 10489855 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 10491904 16783359 6291456 3G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): t #更改分区类型
Partition number (1-3,5,6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L #查看分区类型ID
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden or c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ea Rufus alignment
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD eb BeOS fs
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ee GPT
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f1 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f4 SpeedStor
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ f2 DOS secondary
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fb VMware VMFS
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fc VMware VMKCORE
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fd Linux raid auto
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bc Acronis FAT32 L fe LANstep
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e #更改成8e ,LVM逻辑卷
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa62c9118
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2099200 6293503 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 6293504 41943039 35649536 17G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 6295552 10489855 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 10491904 16783359 6291456 3G 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# gdisk /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 14679997 sectors (7.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 6293503 2.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): t #更改磁盘类型id
Partition number (1-2): 2
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): L
0700 Microsoft basic data 0c01 Microsoft reserved 2700 Windows RE
3000 ONIE boot 3001 ONIE config 3900 Plan 9
4100 PowerPC PReP boot 4200 Windows LDM data 4201 Windows LDM metadata
4202 Windows Storage Spac 7501 IBM GPFS 7f00 ChromeOS kernel
7f01 ChromeOS root 7f02 ChromeOS reserved 8200 Linux swap
8300 Linux filesystem 8301 Linux reserved 8302 Linux /home
8303 Linux x86 root (/) 8304 Linux x86-64 root (/ 8305 Linux ARM64 root (/)
8306 Linux /srv 8307 Linux ARM32 root (/) 8400 Intel Rapid Start
8e00 Linux LVM a000 Android bootloader a001 Android bootloader 2
a002 Android boot a003 Android recovery a004 Android misc
a005 Android metadata a006 Android system a007 Android cache
a008 Android data a009 Android persistent a00a Android factory
a00b Android fastboot/ter a00c Android OEM a500 FreeBSD disklabel
a501 FreeBSD boot a502 FreeBSD swap a503 FreeBSD UFS
a504 FreeBSD ZFS a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID a580 Midnight BSD data
a581 Midnight BSD boot a582 Midnight BSD swap a583 Midnight BSD UFS
a584 Midnight BSD ZFS a585 Midnight BSD Vinum a600 OpenBSD disklabel
a800 Apple UFS a901 NetBSD swap a902 NetBSD FFS
a903 NetBSD LFS a904 NetBSD concatenated a905 NetBSD encrypted
a906 NetBSD RAID ab00 Recovery HD af00 Apple HFS/HFS+
af01 Apple RAID af02 Apple RAID offline af03 Apple label
Press the <Enter> key to see more codes: 8e00
af04 AppleTV recovery af05 Apple Core Storage af06 Apple SoftRAID Statu
af07 Apple SoftRAID Scrat af08 Apple SoftRAID Volum af09 Apple SoftRAID Cache
b300 QNX6 Power-Safe bc00 Acronis Secure Zone be00 Solaris boot
bf00 Solaris root bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z bf02 Solaris swap
bf03 Solaris backup bf04 Solaris /var bf05 Solaris /home
bf06 Solaris alternate se bf07 Solaris Reserved 1 bf08 Solaris Reserved 2
bf09 Solaris Reserved 3 bf0a Solaris Reserved 4 bf0b Solaris Reserved 5
c001 HP-UX data c002 HP-UX service e100 ONIE boot
e101 ONIE config ea00 Freedesktop $BOOT eb00 Haiku BFS
ed00 Sony system partitio ed01 Lenovo system partit ef00 EFI System
ef01 MBR partition scheme ef02 BIOS boot partition f800 Ceph OSD
f801 Ceph dm-crypt OSD f802 Ceph journal f803 Ceph dm-crypt journa
f804 Ceph disk in creatio f805 Ceph dm-crypt disk i fb00 VMWare VMFS
fb01 VMWare reserved fc00 VMWare kcore crash p fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8e00 #8e00 是LVM
Changed type of partition to 'Linux LVM'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 20971520 sectors, 10.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): EF723019-30A5-4A81-A156-D60F9E3DCC84
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 20971486
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 14679997 sectors (7.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 6293503 2.0 GiB 8E00 Linux LVM
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 3G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
#如果分完区，没有看到，就是内存分区表没有同步
[root@rocky8 ~]# partprobe
#用这个命令同步一下
Centos 6 同步
添加分区用 partx -a /dev/sdb
删除分区 partx -d --nr 5-6 /dev/sdb
2.2 文件系统
2.2.1 文件系统概念
文件系统是操作系统用于明确存储设备或分区上的文件的方法和数据结构；即在存储设备上组织文件的方法。操作系统中负责管理和存储文件信息的软件结构称为文件管理系统，简称文件系统从系统角度来看，文件系统是对文件存储设备的空间进行组织和分配，负责文件存储并对存入的文件进行保护和检索的系统。具体地说，它负责为用户建立文件，存入、读出、修改、转储文件，控制文件的存取，安全控制，日志，压缩，加密等
支持的文件系统：
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/fs
各种文件系统：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems
帮助：man 5 fs
2.2.2 文件系统类型
Linux 常用文件系统
- ext2：Extended file system 适用于那些分区容量不是太大，更新也不频繁的情况，例如 /boot 分区
- ext3：是 ext2 的改进版本，其支持日志功能，能够帮助系统从非正常关机导致的异常中恢复
- ext4：是 ext 文件系统的最新版。提供了很多新的特性，包括纳秒级时间戳、创建和使用巨型文件(16TB)、最大1EB的文件系统，以及速度的提升
- xfs：SGI，支持最大8EB的文件系统
- swap
- iso9660 光盘
- btrfs（Oracle）
- reiserfs
Windows 常用文件系统
- FAT32
- NTFS
- exFAT
Unix：
- FFS（fast）
- UFS（unix）
- JFS2
网络文件系统：
- NFS
- CIFS
集群文件系统：
- GFS2
- OCFS2（oracle）
分布式文件系统：
- fastdfs
- ceph
- moosefs
- mogilefs
- glusterfs
- Lustre
RAW：
- 未经处理或者未经格式化产生的文件系统
常用的文件系统特性：
FAT32
- 最多只能支持16TB的文件系统和4GB的文件
NTFS
- 最多只能支持16EB的文件系统和16EB的文件
EXT3
- 最多只能支持32TB的文件系统和2TB的文件，实际只能容纳2TB的文件系统和16GB的文件
- Ext3目前只支持32000个子目录
- Ext3文件系统使用32位空间记录块数量和 inode数量
- 当数据写入到Ext3文件系统中时，Ext3的数据块分配器每次只能分配一个4KB的块
EXT4：
- EXT4是Linux系统下的日志文件系统，是EXT3文件系统的后继版本
- Ext4的文件系统容量达到1EB，而支持单个文件则达到16TB
- 理论上支持无限数量的子目录
- Ext4文件系统使用64位空间记录块数量和 inode数量
- Ext4的多块分配器支持一次调用分配多个数据块
- 修复速度更快
XFS
- 根据所记录的日志在很短的时间内迅速恢复磁盘文件内容
- 用优化算法，日志记录对整体文件操作影响非常小
- 是一个全64-bit的文件系统，最大可以支持8EB的文件系统，而支持单个文件则达到8EB
- 能以接近裸设备I/O的性能存储数据
查前支持的文件系统：
cat /proc/filesystems
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs c72110fc-5dae-470c-9940-97ba978c7dc7 /boot
├─sda2 xfs 57f3a077-bb67-42c3-9e6c-bc8a0fed3776 /
├─sda3 xfs 02ae6744-8c28-4c86-b85b-e113c06a834f /data
├─sda4
└─sda5 swap 4f387202-0a81-4202-9e12-90d04af4d308 [SWAP]
sdb
├─sdb1
├─sdb2
├─sdb3
├─sdb5
└─sdb6
sdc
├─sdc1
└─sdc2
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-4-x86_64-dvd 2021-06-20-16-16-21-00
nvme0n1
[root@centos7 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 1741d17f-e256-4497-82f6-587ea4dad1e5 /boot
├─sda2 xfs 1d6c2389-c44b-4068-b19f-827414c1675a /
├─sda3 xfs e4b4af84-60f3-485d-8803-96257dbbcfe3 /data
├─sda4
└─sda5 swap 485c9b48-b54b-43be-b39a-30b2ffbab7df [SWAP]
sr0 iso9660 CentOS 7 x86_64 2020-11-02-15-15-23-00
root@ubuntu1804:~# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 ext4 0d314a5d-1e35-446b-bfcd-bb458dba215d /boot
├─sda2 ext4 c6645190-9f94-4ae7-b5ef-b16dcb96ed4c /
├─sda3 ext4 9e20c986-0757-45c4-a05d-3703dfa087c6 /data
└─sda4 swap 12848bd0-7412-4266-917c-28644c8e8550 [SWAP]
sr0 iso9660 Ubuntu-Server 18.04.6 LTS amd64 2021-09-16-00-01-03-00
root@ubuntu1804:~# cat /proc/filesystems
nodev sysfs
nodev rootfs
nodev ramfs
nodev bdev
nodev proc
nodev cpuset
nodev cgroup
nodev cgroup2
nodev tmpfs
nodev devtmpfs
nodev configfs
nodev debugfs
nodev tracefs
nodev securityfs
nodev sockfs
nodev dax
nodev bpf
nodev pipefs
nodev hugetlbfs
nodev devpts
ext3
ext2
ext4
squashfs
vfat
nodev ecryptfs
fuseblk
nodev fuse
nodev fusectl
nodev pstore
nodev mqueue
btrfs
nodev autofs
#查看系统支持的文件系统类型
root@ubuntu1804:~# modinfo xfs
filename: /lib/modules/4.15.0-156-generic/kernel/fs/xfs/xfs.ko #xfs文件系统驱动文件就在这个路径
license: GPL
description: SGI XFS with ACLs, security attributes, realtime, no debug enabled
author: Silicon Graphics, Inc.
alias: fs-xfs
srcversion: 8B4FB1AD83FD5AFDCAE8AA2
depends: libcrc32c
retpoline: Y
intree: Y
name: xfs
vermagic: 4.15.0-156-generic SMP mod_unload modversions
signat: PKCS#7
signer:
sig_key:
sig_hashalgo: md4
#modinfo 查看内核模块信息
root@ubuntu1804:~# ls /lib/modules/4.15.0-156-generic/kernel/fs/xfs/xfs.ko
/lib/modules/4.15.0-156-generic/kernel/fs/xfs/xfs.ko
root@ubuntu1804:~# ls /lib/modules/4.15.0-156-generic/kernel/fs/ #这个目录下存放系统支持的文件系统类型文件
9p aufs binfmt_misc.ko cifs efs freevxfs hfs jffs2 ncpfs nilfs2 omfs qnx4 romfs ufs
adfs autofs4 btrfs coda exofs fscache hfsplus jfs nfs nls orangefs qnx6 sysv xfs
affs befs cachefiles cramfs f2fs fuse hpfs lockd nfs_common ntfs overlayfs quota ubifs
afs bfs ceph dlm fat gfs2 isofs minix nfsd ocfs2 pstore reiserfs udf
2.2.3 文件系统的组成部分
- 内核中的模块：ext4, xfs, vfat
- Linux的虚拟文件系统：VFS
- 用户空间的管理工具：mkfs.ext4, mkfs.xfs,mkfs.vfat
2.2.4 文件系统选择管理
2.2.4.1 创建文件系统
创建文件管理工具
- mkfs 命令：
(1) mkfs.FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE
ext4
xfs
btrfs
vfat
(2) mkfs -t FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE
-L ‘LABEL’ 设定卷标 - mke2fs：ext系列文件系统专用管理工具
常用选项
-t {ext2|ext3|ext4|xfs} 指定文件系统类型
-b {1024|2048|4096} 指定块 block 大小
-L ‘LABEL’ 设置卷标
-j 相当于 -t ext3， mkfs.ext3 = mkfs -t ext3 = mke2fs -j = mke2fs -t ext3
-i # 为数据空间中每多少个字节创建一个inode；不应该小于block大小
-N # 指定分区中创建多少个inode
-I 一个inode记录占用的磁盘空间大小，128---4096
-m # 默认5%,为管理人员预留空间占总空间的百分比
-O FEATURE[,...] 启用指定特性
-O ^FEATURE 关闭指定特性
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part /
├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data
├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 512B 0 part
├─sdb5 8:21 0 2G 0 part
└─sdb6 8:22 0 3G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 2G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 9.2G 0 rom
nvme0n1 259:0 0 10G 0 disk
[root@rocky8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 #mkfs.ext4 创建ext4文件系统
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Found a dos partition table in /dev/sdb1
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y #问你它上边有一个mbr的分区表，是否继续,y
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs c72110fc-5dae-470c-9940-97ba978c7dc7 /boot
├─sda2 xfs 57f3a077-bb67-42c3-9e6c-bc8a0fed3776 /
├─sda3 xfs 02ae6744-8c28-4c86-b85b-e113c06a834f /data
├─sda4
└─sda5 swap 4f387202-0a81-4202-9e12-90d04af4d308 [SWAP]
sdb
├─sdb1 ext4 adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803 # 这里就出现了ext4的文件系统，同时分配了一个UUID
├─sdb2
├─sdb3
├─sdb5
└─sdb6
sdc
├─sdc1
└─sdc2
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-4-x86_64-dvd 2021-06-20-16-16-21-00
nvme0n1
[root@rocky8 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="c72110fc-5dae-470c-9940-97ba978c7dc7" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="43d7507d-01"
/dev/sda2: UUID="57f3a077-bb67-42c3-9e6c-bc8a0fed3776" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="43d7507d-02"
/dev/sda3: UUID="02ae6744-8c28-4c86-b85b-e113c06a834f" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="43d7507d-03"
/dev/sda5: UUID="4f387202-0a81-4202-9e12-90d04af4d308" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="43d7507d-05"
/dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2021-06-20-16-16-21-00" LABEL="Rocky-8-4-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="4a14a4ee" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="a62c9118-01" #这里显示了UUID，文件系统类型
/dev/sdb2: PARTUUID="a62c9118-02"
/dev/sdb5: PARTUUID="a62c9118-05"
/dev/sdb6: PARTUUID="a62c9118-06"
/dev/sdc1: PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="7a7090a5-623a-45a0-b7e7-2c613355b7ea"
/dev/sdc2: PARTLABEL="Linux LVM" PARTUUID="cb838081-f185-4983-ad7e-6eea78c54565"
[root@rocky8 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb2 #mkfs.xfs 创建xfs文件系统
meta-data=/dev/sdb2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@rocky8 ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs c72110fc-5dae-470c-9940-97ba978c7dc7 /boot
├─sda2 xfs 57f3a077-bb67-42c3-9e6c-bc8a0fed3776 /
├─sda3 xfs 02ae6744-8c28-4c86-b85b-e113c06a834f /data
├─sda4
└─sda5 swap 4f387202-0a81-4202-9e12-90d04af4d308 [SWAP]
sdb
├─sdb1 ext4 adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803
├─sdb2 xfs 8a2c8fdf-9294-4030-b10c-edc8a7b3e78f
├─sdb3
├─sdb5
└─sdb6
sdc
├─sdc1
└─sdc2
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-4-x86_64-dvd 2021-06-20-16-16-21-00
nvme0n1
[root@rocky8 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="c72110fc-5dae-470c-9940-97ba978c7dc7" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="43d7507d-01"
/dev/sda2: UUID="57f3a077-bb67-42c3-9e6c-bc8a0fed3776" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="43d7507d-02"
/dev/sda3: UUID="02ae6744-8c28-4c86-b85b-e113c06a834f" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="43d7507d-03"
/dev/sda5: UUID="4f387202-0a81-4202-9e12-90d04af4d308" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="43d7507d-05"
/dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2021-06-20-16-16-21-00" LABEL="Rocky-8-4-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="4a14a4ee" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="a62c9118-01"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="8a2c8fdf-9294-4030-b10c-edc8a7b3e78f" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="a62c9118-02"
/dev/sdb5: PARTUUID="a62c9118-05"
/dev/sdb6: PARTUUID="a62c9118-06"
/dev/sdc1: PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="7a7090a5-623a-45a0-b7e7-2c613355b7ea"
/dev/sdc2: PARTLABEL="Linux LVM" PARTUUID="cb838081-f185-4983-ad7e-6eea78c54565"
[root@rocky8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 #tune2fs -l 查看ext4文件系统特性
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13107
Free blocks: 249189
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 533 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 67cae779-ee52-4cd2-82ff-b72216fa51ff
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0xe9647312
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 # dumpe2fs 查看更加详细的ext4文件系统特性
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl #默认挂载选项
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13107
Free blocks: 249189
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 533 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 67cae779-ee52-4cd2-82ff-b72216fa51ff
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0xe9647312
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 32M
Journal length: 8192
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) csum 0xecdc
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-128
Block bitmap at 129 (+129), csum 0x34f4a600
Inode bitmap at 137 (+137), csum 0x63342b4a
Inode table at 145-656 (+145)
28521 free blocks, 8181 free inodes, 2 directories, 8181 unused inodes
Free blocks: 4247-32767
Free inodes: 12-8192
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535) csum 0xc480 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
Reserved GDT blocks at 32770-32896
Block bitmap at 130 (bg #0 + 130), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 138 (bg #0 + 138), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 657-1168 (bg #0 + 657)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 32897-65535
Free inodes: 8193-16384
Group 2: (Blocks 65536-98303) csum 0x1a5c [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 131 (bg #0 + 131), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 139 (bg #0 + 139), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 1169-1680 (bg #0 + 1169)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 65536-98303
Free inodes: 16385-24576
Group 3: (Blocks 98304-131071) csum 0xa343 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98305
Reserved GDT blocks at 98306-98432
Block bitmap at 132 (bg #0 + 132), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 140 (bg #0 + 140), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 1681-2192 (bg #0 + 1681)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 98433-131071
Free inodes: 24577-32768
Group 4: (Blocks 131072-163839) csum 0xd0fb [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 133 (bg #0 + 133), csum 0x5587cc45
Inode bitmap at 141 (bg #0 + 141), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2193-2704 (bg #0 + 2193)
24576 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 139264-163839
Free inodes: 32769-40960
Group 5: (Blocks 163840-196607) csum 0x51ce [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841
Reserved GDT blocks at 163842-163968
Block bitmap at 134 (bg #0 + 134), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 142 (bg #0 + 142), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2705-3216 (bg #0 + 2705)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 163969-196607
Free inodes: 40961-49152
Group 6: (Blocks 196608-229375) csum 0x8f12 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 135 (bg #0 + 135), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 143 (bg #0 + 143), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3217-3728 (bg #0 + 3217)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 196608-229375
Free inodes: 49153-57344
Group 7: (Blocks 229376-262143) csum 0xb7ab [INODE_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377
Reserved GDT blocks at 229378-229504
Block bitmap at 136 (bg #0 + 136), csum 0x4e9c6bf1
Inode bitmap at 144 (bg #0 + 144), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3729-4240 (bg #0 + 3729)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 229505-262143
Free inodes: 57345-65536
#centos 6 上添加acl功能，centos 7/8 默认有这个功能
tune2fs -o acl /dev/sdb
[root@rocky8 ~]# tune2fs -o ^acl /dev/sdb1 # tune2fs -o ^acl ,在acl前加上^就去掉了acl
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr #去了这里就没有acl功能了
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13107
Free blocks: 249189
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:22:22 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 533 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 67cae779-ee52-4cd2-82ff-b72216fa51ff
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0xfba2ffa4
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 32M
Journal length: 8192
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) csum 0xecdc
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-128
Block bitmap at 129 (+129), csum 0x34f4a600
Inode bitmap at 137 (+137), csum 0x63342b4a
Inode table at 145-656 (+145)
28521 free blocks, 8181 free inodes, 2 directories, 8181 unused inodes
Free blocks: 4247-32767
Free inodes: 12-8192
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535) csum 0xc480 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
Reserved GDT blocks at 32770-32896
Block bitmap at 130 (bg #0 + 130), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 138 (bg #0 + 138), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 657-1168 (bg #0 + 657)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 32897-65535
Free inodes: 8193-16384
Group 2: (Blocks 65536-98303) csum 0x1a5c [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 131 (bg #0 + 131), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 139 (bg #0 + 139), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 1169-1680 (bg #0 + 1169)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 65536-98303
Free inodes: 16385-24576
Group 3: (Blocks 98304-131071) csum 0xa343 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98305
Reserved GDT blocks at 98306-98432
Block bitmap at 132 (bg #0 + 132), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 140 (bg #0 + 140), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 1681-2192 (bg #0 + 1681)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 98433-131071
Free inodes: 24577-32768
Group 4: (Blocks 131072-163839) csum 0xd0fb [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 133 (bg #0 + 133), csum 0x5587cc45
Inode bitmap at 141 (bg #0 + 141), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2193-2704 (bg #0 + 2193)
24576 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 139264-163839
Free inodes: 32769-40960
Group 5: (Blocks 163840-196607) csum 0x51ce [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841
Reserved GDT blocks at 163842-163968
Block bitmap at 134 (bg #0 + 134), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 142 (bg #0 + 142), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2705-3216 (bg #0 + 2705)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 163969-196607
Free inodes: 40961-49152
Group 6: (Blocks 196608-229375) csum 0x8f12 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 135 (bg #0 + 135), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 143 (bg #0 + 143), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3217-3728 (bg #0 + 3217)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 196608-229375
Free inodes: 49153-57344
Group 7: (Blocks 229376-262143) csum 0xb7ab [INODE_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377
Reserved GDT blocks at 229378-229504
Block bitmap at 136 (bg #0 + 136), csum 0x4e9c6bf1
Inode bitmap at 144 (bg #0 + 144), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3729-4240 (bg #0 + 3729)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 229505-262143
Free inodes: 57345-65536
[root@rocky8 ~]# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sdb1 #tune2fs -o acl 添加acl功能
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: adec073e-aea5-4467-94aa-efd3981ba803
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl #加上后这里就显示有了acl功能
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13107
Free blocks: 249189
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 0
Block size: 4096 #块大小4k，它在文件系统上管理空间的时候，最小的文件存储单位是4k。最小存储单位就是一个文件在磁盘上存储的最小占用空间大小为4k。
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:23:50 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 533 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 67cae779-ee52-4cd2-82ff-b72216fa51ff
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0xb7b5eb7e
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 32M
Journal length: 8192
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) csum 0xecdc
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-128
Block bitmap at 129 (+129), csum 0x34f4a600
Inode bitmap at 137 (+137), csum 0x63342b4a
Inode table at 145-656 (+145)
28521 free blocks, 8181 free inodes, 2 directories, 8181 unused inodes
Free blocks: 4247-32767
Free inodes: 12-8192
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535) csum 0xc480 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
Reserved GDT blocks at 32770-32896
Block bitmap at 130 (bg #0 + 130), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 138 (bg #0 + 138), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 657-1168 (bg #0 + 657)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 32897-65535
Free inodes: 8193-16384
Group 2: (Blocks 65536-98303) csum 0x1a5c [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 131 (bg #0 + 131), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 139 (bg #0 + 139), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 1169-1680 (bg #0 + 1169)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 65536-98303
Free inodes: 16385-24576
Group 3: (Blocks 98304-131071) csum 0xa343 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98305
Reserved GDT blocks at 98306-98432
Block bitmap at 132 (bg #0 + 132), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 140 (bg #0 + 140), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 1681-2192 (bg #0 + 1681)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 98433-131071
Free inodes: 24577-32768
Group 4: (Blocks 131072-163839) csum 0xd0fb [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 133 (bg #0 + 133), csum 0x5587cc45
Inode bitmap at 141 (bg #0 + 141), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2193-2704 (bg #0 + 2193)
24576 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 139264-163839
Free inodes: 32769-40960
Group 5: (Blocks 163840-196607) csum 0x51ce [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841
Reserved GDT blocks at 163842-163968
Block bitmap at 134 (bg #0 + 134), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 142 (bg #0 + 142), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2705-3216 (bg #0 + 2705)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 163969-196607
Free inodes: 40961-49152
Group 6: (Blocks 196608-229375) csum 0x8f12 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 135 (bg #0 + 135), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 143 (bg #0 + 143), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3217-3728 (bg #0 + 3217)
32768 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 196608-229375
Free inodes: 49153-57344
Group 7: (Blocks 229376-262143) csum 0xb7ab [INODE_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377
Reserved GDT blocks at 229378-229504
Block bitmap at 136 (bg #0 + 136), csum 0x4e9c6bf1
Inode bitmap at 144 (bg #0 + 144), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 3729-4240 (bg #0 + 3729)
32639 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 229505-262143
Free inodes: 57345-65536
[root@rocky8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 500 /dev/sdb1
mkfs.ext4: invalid block size - 500
#-b 指定文件最小占用大小，500不行。
[root@rocky8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -b 1024 /dev/sdb1 #最小也要指定1024，1k大小
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb1 contains a ext4 file system
created on Fri Oct 15 21:16:34 2021
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 1048576 1k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: f7d5345f-5f29-417d-a044-37508852e80f
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409, 663553,
1024001
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: f7d5345f-5f29-417d-a044-37508852e80f
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536 #节点数量
Block count: 1048576 #存放数据的容量
Reserved block count: 52428
Free blocks: 1012622
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 1
Block size: 1024 #现在就改成1024
Fragment size: 1024
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 256
Blocks per group: 8192
Fragments per group: 8192
Inodes per group: 512
Inode blocks per group: 128
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:25:45 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:25:45 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:25:45 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 295 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: e7cd8a67-ff5e-4ab2-ba16-1eae1ce1119b
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0x33082019
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 16M
Journal length: 16384
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 1-8192) csum 0x1a3d
Primary superblock at 1, Group descriptors at 2-9
Reserved GDT blocks at 10-265
Block bitmap at 266 (+265), csum 0x0e545962
Inode bitmap at 282 (+281), csum 0x538d8ff6
Inode table at 298-425 (+297)
5833 free blocks, 501 free inodes, 2 directories, 501 unused inodes
Free blocks: 2360-8192
Free inodes: 12-512
Group 1: (Blocks 8193-16384) csum 0xa235 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 8193, Group descriptors at 8194-8201
Reserved GDT blocks at 8202-8457
Block bitmap at 267 (bg #0 + 266), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 283 (bg #0 + 282), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 426-553 (bg #0 + 425)
7927 free blocks, 512 free inodes, 0 directories, 512 unused inodes
Free blocks: 8458-16384
Free inodes: 513-1024
Group 2: (Blocks 16385-24576) csum 0x5ebc [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 268 (bg #0 + 267), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 284 (bg #0 + 283), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 554-681 (bg #0 + 553)
8192 free blocks, 512 free inodes, 0 directories, 512 unused inodes
Free blocks: 16385-24576
Free inodes: 1025-1536
Group 3: (Blocks 24577-32768) csum 0xa300 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 24577, Group descriptors at 24578-24585
Reserved GDT blocks at 24586-24841
Block bitmap at 269 (bg #0 + 268), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 285 (bg #0 + 284), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 682-809 (bg #0 + 681)
7927 free blocks, 512 free inodes, 0 directories, 512 unused inodes
Free blocks: 24842-32768
Free inodes: 1537-2048
Group 4: (Blocks 32769-40960) csum 0x9348 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 270 (bg #0 + 269), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 286 (bg #0 + 285), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 810-937 (bg #0 + 809)
8192 free blocks, 512 free inodes, 0 directories, 512 unused inodes
Free blocks: 32769-40960
Free inodes: 2049-2560
Group 5: (Blocks 40961-49152) csum 0x6ef4 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 40961, Group descriptors at 40962-40969
Reserved GDT blocks at 40970-41225
Block bitmap at 271 (bg #0 + 270), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 287 (bg #0 + 286), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 938-1065 (bg #0 + 937)
7927 free blocks, 512 free inodes, 0 directories, 512 unused inodes
Free blocks: 41226-49152
Free inodes: 2561-3072
...
#可以分1024、2048、4096，这个可以创建文件系统时候改，一旦有数据，就不能再改了，除非把数据移出来，再改
[root@rocky8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 --help
mkfs.ext4: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: mkfs.ext4 [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] [-C cluster-size]
[-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] [-J journal-options]
[-G flex-group-size] [-N number-of-inodes] [-d root-directory]
[-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os]
[-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] [-M last-mounted-directory]
[-O feature[,...]] [-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]]
[-t fs-type] [-T usage-type ] [-U UUID] [-e errors_behavior][-z undo_file]
[-jnqvDFSV] device [blocks-count]
[root@rocky8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -N 655360 /dev/sdb1 #-N 指定节点编号数量
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb1 contains a ext4 file system
created on Fri Oct 15 21:25:45 2021
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 655360 inodes
Filesystem UUID: ba7fe12e-93ef-43eb-a684-d12611a1f737
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
13680, 41040, 68400, 95760, 123120
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 | less
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: ba7fe12e-93ef-43eb-a684-d12611a1f737
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 655360 #这里的数量也变成了655360
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13003
Free blocks: 211098
Free inodes: 655349
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
#改变节点编号数量，必然会增加元数据占用空间，元数据占用空间大了，数据占用的空间就小了
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1 | less
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: ba7fe12e-93ef-43eb-a684-d12611a1f737
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 655360
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13003 #预留空间
Free blocks: 211098
Free inodes: 655349
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 306
Blocks per group: 13680
Fragments per group: 13680
Inodes per group: 32768
Inode blocks per group: 2048
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:29:26 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:29:26 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:29:26 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 1261 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) #预留给root
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 5cbfc6c8-01fc-45d3-a560-6f11161db4f0
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0x1cb8d362
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 32M
Journal length: 8192
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-13679) csum 0xa0c7
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1 #superblock 就是存放元数据的块
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-307
Block bitmap at 308 (+308), csum 0x4c93c822
Inode bitmap at 324 (+324), csum 0x271636c9
Inode table at 340-2387 (+340)
1046 free blocks, 32757 free inodes, 2 directories, 32757 unused inodes
Free blocks: 12634-13679
Free inodes: 12-32768
Group 1: (Blocks 13680-27359) csum 0xc71d [INODE_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 13680, Group descriptors at 13681-13681 #Backup superblock 备份超级块
Reserved GDT blocks at 13682-13987
Block bitmap at 309 (bg #0 + 309), csum 0x3c1ac2f3
Inode bitmap at 325 (bg #0 + 325), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2388-4435 (bg #0 + 2388)
0 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks:
Free inodes: 32769-65536
#它会把一个个块分成组来存储，分组是提高效率，如果不分组他就会遍历磁盘上个一个个块去找，
#mkfs.ext4 -m 指定预留空间大小
2.2.4.2 查看和管理分区信息
blkid 可以查看块设备属性信息
格式：
blkid [OPTION]... [DEVICE]
常用选项：
-U UUID 根据指定的UUID来查找对应的设备
-L LABEL 根据指定的LABEL来查找对应的设备
e2label：管理ext系列文件系统的LABEL
e2label DEVICE [LABEL]
findfs ：查找分区
findfs [options] LABEL=<label>
findfs [options] UUID=<uuid>
范例：
[root@centos8 ~]#findfs UUID=f7f53add-b184-4ddc-8d2c-5263b84d1e15
/dev/sda2
tune2fs：重新设定ext系列文件系统可调整参数的值
-l 查看指定文件系统超级块信息；super block
-L 'LABEL’ 修改卷标
-m # 修预留给管理员的空间百分比
-j 将ext2升级为ext3
-O 文件系统属性启用或禁用, -O ^has_journal
-o 调整文件系统的默认挂载选项，-o ^acl
-U UUID 修改UUID号
dumpe2fs：显示ext文件系统信息，将磁盘块分组管理
-h：查看超级块信息，不显示分组信息
范例：查看ext文件系统的元数据和块组信息
[root@rocky8 ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: ba7fe12e-93ef-43eb-a684-d12611a1f737
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 655360
Block count: 262144
Reserved block count: 13003
Free blocks: 211098
Free inodes: 655349
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Group descriptor size: 64
Reserved GDT blocks: 306
Blocks per group: 13680
Fragments per group: 13680
Inodes per group: 32768
Inode blocks per group: 2048
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Fri Oct 15 21:29:26 2021
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Oct 15 21:29:26 2021
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Oct 15 21:29:26 2021
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Lifetime writes: 1261 kB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: 5cbfc6c8-01fc-45d3-a560-6f11161db4f0
Journal backup: inode blocks
Checksum type: crc32c
Checksum: 0x1cb8d362
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 32M
Journal length: 8192
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-13679) csum 0xa0c7
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-307
Block bitmap at 308 (+308), csum 0x4c93c822
Inode bitmap at 324 (+324), csum 0x271636c9
Inode table at 340-2387 (+340)
1046 free blocks, 32757 free inodes, 2 directories, 32757 unused inodes
Free blocks: 12634-13679
Free inodes: 12-32768
Group 1: (Blocks 13680-27359) csum 0xc71d [INODE_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 13680, Group descriptors at 13681-13681
Reserved GDT blocks at 13682-13987
Block bitmap at 309 (bg #0 + 309), csum 0x3c1ac2f3
Inode bitmap at 325 (bg #0 + 325), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 2388-4435 (bg #0 + 2388)
0 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks:
Free inodes: 32769-65536
Group 2: (Blocks 27360-41039) csum 0x69b3 [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 310 (bg #0 + 310), csum 0x486c1061
Inode bitmap at 326 (bg #0 + 326), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 4436-6483 (bg #0 + 4436)
6572 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 34468-41039
Free inodes: 65537-98304
Group 3: (Blocks 41040-54719) csum 0xe2da [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 41040, Group descriptors at 41041-41041
Reserved GDT blocks at 41042-41347
Block bitmap at 311 (bg #0 + 311), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 327 (bg #0 + 327), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 6484-8531 (bg #0 + 6484)
13372 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 41348-54719
Free inodes: 98305-131072
Group 4: (Blocks 54720-68399) csum 0xbbfc [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 312 (bg #0 + 312), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 328 (bg #0 + 328), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 8532-10579 (bg #0 + 8532)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 54720-68399
Free inodes: 131073-163840
Group 5: (Blocks 68400-82079) csum 0xc428 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 68400, Group descriptors at 68401-68401
Reserved GDT blocks at 68402-68707
Block bitmap at 313 (bg #0 + 313), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 329 (bg #0 + 329), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 10580-12627 (bg #0 + 10580)
13372 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 68708-82079
Free inodes: 163841-196608
Group 6: (Blocks 82080-95759) csum 0x5050 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 314 (bg #0 + 314), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 330 (bg #0 + 330), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 13988-16035 (bg #1 + 308)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 82080-95759
Free inodes: 196609-229376
Group 7: (Blocks 95760-109439) csum 0x2f84 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 95760, Group descriptors at 95761-95761
Reserved GDT blocks at 95762-96067
Block bitmap at 315 (bg #0 + 315), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 331 (bg #0 + 331), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 16036-18083 (bg #1 + 2356)
13372 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 96068-109439
Free inodes: 229377-262144
Group 8: (Blocks 109440-123119) csum 0x74de [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 316 (bg #0 + 316), csum 0x26c23c12
Inode bitmap at 332 (bg #0 + 332), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 18084-20131 (bg #1 + 4404)
5488 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 117632-123119
Free inodes: 262145-294912
Group 9: (Blocks 123120-136799) csum 0x0270 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Backup superblock at 123120, Group descriptors at 123121-123121
Reserved GDT blocks at 123122-123427
Block bitmap at 317 (bg #0 + 317), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 333 (bg #0 + 333), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 20132-22179 (bg #1 + 6452)
13372 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 123428-136799
Free inodes: 294913-327680
Group 10: (Blocks 136800-150479) csum 0x841d [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 318 (bg #0 + 318), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 334 (bg #0 + 334), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 22180-24227 (bg #1 + 8500)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 136800-150479
Free inodes: 327681-360448
Group 11: (Blocks 150480-164159) csum 0xc3b9 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 319 (bg #0 + 319), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 335 (bg #0 + 335), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 24228-26275 (bg #1 + 10548)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 150480-164159
Free inodes: 360449-393216
Group 12: (Blocks 164160-177839) csum 0xc3bc [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 320 (bg #0 + 320), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 336 (bg #0 + 336), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 26276-28323 (bg #1 + 12596)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 164160-177839
Free inodes: 393217-425984
Group 13: (Blocks 177840-191519) csum 0x8418 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 321 (bg #0 + 321), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 337 (bg #0 + 337), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 28324-30371 (bg #2 + 964)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 177840-191519
Free inodes: 425985-458752
Group 14: (Blocks 191520-205199) csum 0x3a05 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 322 (bg #0 + 322), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 338 (bg #0 + 338), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 30372-32419 (bg #2 + 3012)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 191520-205199
Free inodes: 458753-491520
Group 15: (Blocks 205200-218879) csum 0x7da1 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 323 (bg #0 + 323), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 339 (bg #0 + 339), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 32420-34467 (bg #2 + 5060)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 205200-218879
Free inodes: 491521-524288
Group 16: (Blocks 218880-232559) csum 0x41ad [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 218880 (+0), csum 0x9e981676
Inode bitmap at 218884 (+4), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 218888-220935 (+8)
5480 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 227080-232559
Free inodes: 524289-557056
Group 17: (Blocks 232560-246239) csum 0xb8f8 [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 218881 (bg #16 + 1), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 218885 (bg #16 + 5), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 220936-222983 (bg #16 + 2056)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 232560-246239
Free inodes: 557057-589824
Group 18: (Blocks 246240-259919) csum 0x3eee [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 218882 (bg #16 + 2), csum 0x00000000
Inode bitmap at 218886 (bg #16 + 6), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 222984-225031 (bg #16 + 4104)
13680 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 246240-259919
Free inodes: 589825-622592
Group 19: (Blocks 259920-262143) csum 0xa0e7 [INODE_UNINIT]
Block bitmap at 218883 (bg #16 + 3), csum 0xc6b533bc
Inode bitmap at 218887 (bg #16 + 7), csum 0x00000000
Inode table at 225032-227079 (bg #16 + 6152)
2224 free blocks, 32768 free inodes, 0 directories, 32768 unused inodes
Free blocks: 259920-262143
Free inodes: 622593-655360
xfs_info：显示示挂载或已挂载的 xfs 文件系统信息
xfs_info mountpoint|devname
范例:
[root@rocky8 ~]# xfs_info /dev/sda1
meta-data=/dev/sda1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
#dumpe2fs 只能看ext4，xfs用xfs_info查看
超级块和INODE TABLE
块组描述符表(GDT)
ext文件系统每一个块组信息使用32字节描述，这32个字节称为块组描述符，所有块组的块组描述符组成块组描述符表GDT(group descriptor table)。虽然每个块组都需要块组描述符来记录块组的信息和属性元数据，但是不是每个块组中都存放了块组描述符。将所有块组的块组信息组成一个GDT保存,并将该GDT存放于某些块组中，类似存放superblock和备份superblock的块
2.2.4.3 文件系统检测和修复
文件系统夹故障常发生于死机或者非正常关机之后，挂载为文件系统标记为“no clean”
注意：一定不要在挂载状态下执行下面命令修复
fsck: File System Check
fsck.FS_TYPE
fsck -t FS_TYPE
注意：FS_TYPE 一定要与分区上已经文件类型相同
常用选项：
-a 自动修复
-r 交互式修复错误
e2fsck：ext系列文件专用的检测修复工具
-y 自动回答为yes
-f 强制修复
-p 自动进行安全的修复文件系统问题
xfs_repair：xfs文件系统专用检测修复工具
常用选项：
-f 修复文件，而设备
-n 只检查
-d 允许修复只读的挂载设备，在单用户下修复 / 时使用，然后立即reboot
范例：
[root@rocky8 ~]# fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb1: clean, 11/655360 files, 51046/262144 blocks
[root@rocky8 ~]# hexdump -C /dev/sdb1 |less
00000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
00000400 00 00 0a 00 00 00 04 00 cb 32 00 00 9a 38 03 00 |.........2...8..|
00000410 f5 ff 09 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 |................|
00000420 70 35 00 00 70 35 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 |p5..p5..........|
00000430 f4 84 69 61 00 00 ff ff 53 ef 01 00 01 00 00 00 |..ia....S.......|
00000440 36 82 69 61 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |6.ia............|
00000450 00 00 00 00 0b 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 3c 00 00 00 |............<...|
00000460 c2 02 00 00 6b 04 00 00 ba 7f e1 2e 93 ef 43 eb |....k.........C.|
00000470 a6 84 d1 26 11 a1 f7 37 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...&...7........|
00000480 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
000004c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 32 01 |..............2.|
000004d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
000004e0 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5c bf c6 c8 |............\...|
000004f0 01 fc 45 d3 a5 60 6f 11 16 1d b4 f0 01 01 40 00 |..E..`o.......@.|
00000500 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 36 82 69 61 0a f3 01 00 |........6.ia....|
00000510 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 |............. ..|
00000520 80 ab 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000530 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000540 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 |................|
00000550 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 20 00 |............ . .|
00000560 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000570 00 00 00 00 04 01 00 00 f1 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
00000580 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
*
[root@rocky8 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb1 bs=1M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.0036868 s, 284 MB/s
[root@rocky8 ~]# fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1 #fsck.ext4 修复文件系统
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block
fsck.ext4: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks...
Superblock has an invalid journal (inode 8).
Clear<y>? yes
*** journal has been deleted ***
Resize inode not valid. Recreate<y>? yes
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Root inode is not a directory. Clear<y>? yes
Deleted inode 2905 has zero dtime. Fix<y>? yes
Deleted inode 2921 has zero dtime. Fix<y>? yes
Deleted inode 2937 has zero dtime. Fix<y>? yes
Deleted inode 2953 has zero dtime. Fix<y>?
Recreate journal<y>? cancelled!
/dev/sdb1: e2fsck canceled.
/dev/sdb1: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
#但是这里要每个都要你确定
[root@rocky8 ~]# fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1 -y
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb1 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced.
Resize inode not valid. Recreate? yes
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Root inode is not a directory. Clear? yes
Deleted inode 2953 has zero dtime. Fix? yes
Deleted inode 2969 has zero dtime. Fix? yes
Deleted inode 2985 has zero dtime. Fix? yes
Deleted inode 3001 has zero dtime. Fix? yes
Deleted inode 3017 has zero dtime. Fix? yes
Deleted inode 3033 has zero dtime. Fix? yes
...
[root@rocky8 ~]# fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb1: clean, 11/65536 files, 19559/1048576 blocks
#再次检查就正常了
#修复文件系统，一定要取消挂载
#xfs 文件系统用xfs_repair工具修复，fsck.xfs 这个工具也可以修复 xfs
[root@rocky8 ~]# fsck.xfs /dev/sdb2
If you wish to check the consistency of an XFS filesystem or
repair a damaged filesystem, see xfs_repair(8).
#推荐使用 xfs_repair工具修复
[root@rocky8 ~]# xfs_repair /dev/sdb2
Phase 1 - find and verify superblock...
Phase 2 - using internal log
- zero log...
- scan filesystem freespace and inode maps...
- found root inode chunk
Phase 3 - for each AG...
- scan and clear agi unlinked lists...
- process known inodes and perform inode discovery...
- agno = 0
- agno = 1
- agno = 2
- agno = 3
- process newly discovered inodes...
Phase 4 - check for duplicate blocks...
- setting up duplicate extent list...
- check for inodes claiming duplicate blocks...
- agno = 0
- agno = 1
- agno = 2
- agno = 3
Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees...
- reset superblock...
Phase 6 - check inode connectivity...
- resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes
- traversing filesystem ...
- traversal finished ...
- moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ...
Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts...
done
[root@rocky8 ~]# fsck.ext4 --help
fsck.ext4: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: fsck.ext4 [-panyrcdfktvDFV] [-b superblock] [-B blocksize]
[-l|-L bad_blocks_file] [-C fd] [-j external_journal]
[-E extended-options] [-z undo_file] device
Emergency help:
-p Automatic repair (no questions)
-n Make no changes to the filesystem
-y Assume "yes" to all questions
-c Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
-f Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
-v Be verbose
-b superblock Use alternative superblock
-B blocksize Force blocksize when looking for superblock
-j external_journal Set location of the external journal
-l bad_blocks_file Add to badblocks list
-L bad_blocks_file Set badblocks list
-z undo_file Create an undo file
#fsck.ext4 和fsck -t ext4 命令是一样的
范例：修改破坏的ext文件系统
[root@rocky8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt
[root@rocky8 ~]# cp /etc/fstab /mnt/f1
[root@rocky8 ~]# cp /etc/fstab /mnt/f2
[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /mnt
f1 f2
[root@rocky8 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb2 bs=1M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.00148955 s, 704 MB/s
[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /mnt
f1 f2
[root@rocky8 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb2
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
tune2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb2
[root@rocky8 ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 382688 0 382688 0% /dev
tmpfs 400580 0 400580 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 400580 5744 394836 2% /run
tmpfs 400580 0 400580 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda2 104806400 2633892 102172508 3% /
/dev/sda3 52403200 398404 52004796 1% /data
/dev/sda1 1038336 191796 846540 19% /boot
tmpfs 80116 0 80116 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb2 2086912 47612 2039300 3% /mnt
#必须取消挂载后再做文件系统的修复
[root@centos8 ~]#umount /mnt
[root@rocky8 ~]# xfs_repair -L /dev/sdb2
Phase 1 - find and verify superblock...
sb realtime bitmap inode 18446744073709551615 (NULLFSINO) inconsistent with calculated value 129
resetting superblock realtime bitmap ino pointer to 129
sb realtime summary inode 18446744073709551615 (NULLFSINO) inconsistent with calculated value 130
resetting superblock realtime summary ino pointer to 130
Phase 2 - using internal log
- zero log...
ALERT: The filesystem has valuable metadata changes in a log which is being
destroyed because the -L option was used.
- scan filesystem freespace and inode maps...
Metadata CRC error detected at 0x561a9d8661d2, xfs_agf block 0x1/0x200
Metadata CRC error detected at 0x561a9d892f02, xfs_agi block 0x2/0x200
bad magic # 0x0 for agf 0
bad version # 0 for agf 0
bad length 0 for agf 0, should be 131072
bad uuid 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 for agf 0
...
Phase 5 - rebuild AG headers and trees...
- reset superblock...
Phase 6 - check inode connectivity...
reinitializing root directory
reinitializing realtime bitmap inode
reinitializing realtime summary inode
- resetting contents of realtime bitmap and summary inodes
- traversing filesystem ...
- traversal finished ...
- moving disconnected inodes to lost+found ...
Phase 7 - verify and correct link counts...
done
[root@rocky8 ~]# xfs_info /dev/sdb2
meta-data=/dev/sdb2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@rocky8 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt
[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /mnt
#文件丢失