彻底理解Android Binder通信架构

2022-02-02 16:29:43

copy from : http://gityuan.com/2016/09/04/binder-start-service/

基于Android 6.0的源码剖析，本文深度剖析Binder IPC过程, 这绝对是一篇匠心巨作，从Java framework到Native，再到Linux Kernel，带你全程看Binder通信过程.

一. 引言

1.1 Binder架构的思考

Android内核是基于Linux系统, 而Linux现存多种进程间IPC方式:管道, 消息队列, 共享内存, 套接字, 信号量, 信号. 为什么Android非要用Binder来进行进程间通信呢. 从我个人的理解角度, 曾尝试着在知乎回答同样一个问题为什么Android要采用Binder作为IPC机制？. 这是Gityuan第一次认认真真地在知乎上回答问题, 收到很多网友的点赞与回复, 让我很受鼓舞, 也决心分享更多优先地文章回报读者和粉丝, 为Android圈贡献自己的微薄之力。

在说到Binder架构之前, 先简单说说大家熟悉的TCP/IP的五层通信体系结构:

应用层: 直接为用户提供服务;
传输层: 传输的是报文(TCP数据)或者用户数据报(UDP数据)
网络层: 传输的是包(Packet), 例如路由器
数据链路层: 传输的是帧(Frame), 例如以太网交换机
物理层: 相邻节点间传输bit, 例如集线器,双绞线等

这是经典的五层TPC/IP协议体系, 这样分层设计的思想, 让每一个子问题都设计成一个独立的协议, 这协议的设计/分析/实现/测试都变得更加简单:

层与层具有独立性, 例如应用层可以使用传输层提供的功能而无需知晓其实现原理;
设计灵活, 层与层之间都定义好接口, 即便层内方法发生变化,只有接口不变, 对这个系统便毫无影响;
结构的解耦合, 让每一层可以用更适合的技术方案, 更合适的语言;
方便维护, 可分层调试和定位问题;

Binder架构也是采用分层架构设计, 每一层都有其不同的功能:

Java应用层: 对于上层应用通过调用AMP.startService, 完全可以不用关心底层,经过层层调用,最终必然会调用到AMS.startService.
Java IPC层: Binder通信是采用C/S架构, Android系统的基础架构便已设计好Binder在Java framework层的Binder客户类BinderProxy和服务类Binder;
Native IPC层: 对于Native层,如果需要直接使用Binder(比如media相关), 则可以直接使用BpBinder和BBinder(当然这里还有JavaBBinder)即可, 对于上一层Java IPC的通信也是基于这个层面.
Kernel物理层: 这里是Binder Driver, 前面3层都跑在用户空间,对于用户空间的内存资源是不共享的,每个Android的进程只能运行在自己进程所拥有的虚拟地址空间, 而内核空间却是可共享的. 真正通信的核心环节还是在Binder Driver.

1.2 分析起点

前面通过一个Binder系列-开篇来从源码讲解了Binder的各个层面, 但是Binder牵涉颇为广泛, 几乎是整个Android架构的顶梁柱, 虽说用了十几篇文章来阐述Binder的各个过程. 但依然还是没有将Binder IPC(进程间通信)的过程彻底说透.

Binder系统如此庞大, 那么这里需要寻求一个出发点来穿针引线, 一窥视Binder全貌. 那么本文将从全新的视角,以startService流程分析为例子来说说Binder所其作用. 首先在发起方进程调用AMP.startService，经过binder驱动，最终调用系统进程AMS.startService,如下图:

AMP和AMN都是实现了IActivityManager接口,AMS继承于AMN. 其中AMP作为Binder的客户端,运行在各个app所在进程, AMN(或AMS)运行在系统进程system_server.

1.3 Binder IPC原理

Binder通信采用C/S架构，从组件视角来说，包含Client、Server、ServiceManager以及binder驱动，其中ServiceManager用于管理系统中的各种服务。下面说说startService过程所涉及的Binder对象的架构图：

可以看出无论是注册服务和获取服务的过程都需要ServiceManager，需要注意的是此处的Service Manager是指Native层的ServiceManager（C++），并非指framework层的ServiceManager(Java)。ServiceManager是整个Binder通信机制的大管家，是Android进程间通信机制Binder的守护进程，Client端和Server端通信时都需要先获取Service Manager接口，才能开始通信服务, 当然查找到目标信息可以缓存起来则不需要每次都向ServiceManager请求。

图中Client/Server/ServiceManage之间的相互通信都是基于Binder机制。既然基于Binder机制通信，那么同样也是C/S架构，则图中的3大步骤都有相应的Client端与Server端。

注册服务：首先AMS注册到ServiceManager。该过程：AMS所在进程(system_server)是客户端，ServiceManager是服务端。
获取服务：Client进程使用AMS前，须先向ServiceManager中获取AMS的代理类AMP。该过程：AMP所在进程(app process)是客户端，ServiceManager是服务端。
使用服务： app进程根据得到的代理类AMP,便可以直接与AMS所在进程交互。该过程：AMP所在进程(app process)是客户端，AMS所在进程(system_server)是服务端。

图中的Client,Server,Service Manager之间交互都是虚线表示，是由于它们彼此之间不是直接交互的，而是都通过与Binder Driver进行交互的，从而实现IPC通信方式。其中Binder驱动位于内核空间，Client,Server,Service Manager位于用户空间。Binder驱动和Service Manager可以看做是Android平台的基础架构，而Client和Server是Android的应用层.

这3大过程每一次都是一个完整的Binder IPC过程, 接下来从源码角度, 仅介绍第3过程使用服务, 即展开AMP.startService是如何调用到AMS.startService的过程.

Tips: 如果你只想了解大致过程,并不打算细扣源码, 那么你可以略过通信过程源码分析, 仅看本文第一段落和最后段落也能对Binder所有理解.

二. 通信过程

2.1 AMP.startService

[-> ActivityManagerNative.java ::ActivityManagerProxy]

public ComponentName startService(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service, String resolvedType, String callingPackage, int userId) throws RemoteException {
    //获取或创建Parcel对象【见小节2.2】
    Parcel data = Parcel.obtain();
    Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain();
    data.writeInterfaceToken(IActivityManager.descriptor);
    data.writeStrongBinder(caller != null ? caller.asBinder() : null);
    service.writeToParcel(data, 0);
    //写入Parcel数据 【见小节2.3】
    data.writeString(resolvedType);
    data.writeString(callingPackage);
    data.writeInt(userId);

    //通过Binder传递数据【见小节2.5】
    mRemote.transact(START_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0);
    //读取应答消息的异常情况
    reply.readException();
    //根据reply数据来创建ComponentName对象
    ComponentName res = ComponentName.readFromParcel(reply);
    //【见小节2.2.3】
    data.recycle();
    reply.recycle();
    return res;
}

主要功能:

获取或创建两个Parcel对象,data用于发送数据，reply用于接收应答数据.
将startService相关数据都封装到Parcel对象data, 其中descriptor = “android.app.IActivityManager”;
通过Binder传递数据,并将应答消息写入reply;
读取reply应答消息的异常情况和组件对象;

2.2 Parcel.obtain

[-> Parcel.java]

public static Parcel obtain() {
    final Parcel[] pool = sOwnedPool;
    synchronized (pool) {
        Parcel p;
        //POOL_SIZE = 6
        for (int i=0; i<POOL_SIZE; i++) {
            p = pool[i];
            if (p != null) {
                pool[i] = null;
                return p;
            }
        }
    }
    //当缓存池没有现成的Parcel对象，则直接创建[见流程2.2.1]
    return new Parcel(0);
}

sOwnedPool是一个大小为6，存放着parcel对象的缓存池,这样设计的目标是用于节省每次都创建Parcel对象的开销。obtain()方法的作用：

先尝试从缓存池sOwnedPool中查询是否存在缓存Parcel对象，当存在则直接返回该对象;
如果没有可用的Parcel对象，则直接创建Parcel对象。

2.2.1 new Parcel

[-> Parcel.java]

private Parcel(long nativePtr) {
    //初始化本地指针
    init(nativePtr);
}

private void init(long nativePtr) {
    if (nativePtr != 0) {
        mNativePtr = nativePtr;
        mOwnsNativeParcelObject = false;
    } else {
        // 首次创建,进入该分支[见流程2.2.2]
        mNativePtr = nativeCreate();
        mOwnsNativeParcelObject = true;
    }
}

nativeCreate这是native方法,经过JNI进入native层, 调用android_os_Parcel_create()方法.

2.2.2 android_os_Parcel_create

[-> android_os_Parcel.cpp]

static jlong android_os_Parcel_create(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
    Parcel* parcel = new Parcel();
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(parcel);
}

创建C++层的Parcel对象, 该对象指针强制转换为long型, 并保存到Java层的mNativePtr对象. 创建完Parcel对象利用Parcel对象写数据. 接下来以writeString为例.

2.2.3 Parcel.recycle

public final void recycle() {
    //释放native parcel对象
    freeBuffer();
    final Parcel[] pool;
    //根据情况来选择加入相应池
    if (mOwnsNativeParcelObject) {
        pool = sOwnedPool;
    } else {
        mNativePtr = 0;
        pool = sHolderPool;
    }
    synchronized (pool) {
        for (int i=0; i<POOL_SIZE; i++) {
            if (pool[i] == null) {
                pool[i] = this;
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}

将不再使用的Parcel对象放入缓存池，可回收重复利用，当缓存池已满则不再加入缓存池。这里有两个Parcel线程池,mOwnsNativeParcelObject变量来决定:

mOwnsNativeParcelObject=true, 即调用不带参数obtain()方法获取的对象, 回收时会放入sOwnedPool对象池;
mOwnsNativeParcelObject=false, 即调用带nativePtr参数的obtain(long)方法获取的对象, 回收时会放入sHolderPool对象池;

2.3 writeString

[-> Parcel.java]

public final void writeString(String val) {
    //[见流程2.3.1]
    nativeWriteString(mNativePtr, val);
}

2.3.1 nativeWriteString

[-> android_os_Parcel.cpp]

static void android_os_Parcel_writeString(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, jlong nativePtr, jstring val) {
    Parcel* parcel = reinterpret_cast<Parcel*>(nativePtr);
    if (parcel != NULL) {
        status_t err = NO_MEMORY;
        if (val) {
            const jchar* str = env->GetStringCritical(val, 0);
            if (str) {
                //[见流程2.3.2]
                err = parcel->writeString16(
                    reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(str),
                    env->GetStringLength(val));
                env->ReleaseStringCritical(val, str);
            }
        } else {
            err = parcel->writeString16(NULL, 0);
        }
        if (err != NO_ERROR) {
            signalExceptionForError(env, clazz, err);
        }
    }
}

2.3.2 writeString16

[-> Parcel.cpp]

status_t Parcel::writeString16(const char16_t* str, size_t len)
{
    if (str == NULL) return writeInt32(-1);

    status_t err = writeInt32(len);
    if (err == NO_ERROR) {
        len *= sizeof(char16_t);
        uint8_t* data = (uint8_t*)writeInplace(len+sizeof(char16_t));
        if (data) {
            //数据拷贝到data所指向的位置
            memcpy(data, str, len);
            *reinterpret_cast<char16_t*>(data+len) = 0;
            return NO_ERROR;
        }
        err = mError;
    }
    return err;
}

Tips: 除了writeString(),在Parcel.java中大量的native方法, 都是调用android_os_Parcel.cpp相对应的方法, 该方法再调用Parcel.cpp中对应的方法.
调用流程: Parcel.java –> android_os_Parcel.cpp –> Parcel.cpp.

frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/Parcel.java
frameworks/base/core/jni/android_os_Parcel.cpp
frameworks/native/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp

简单说,就是

2.4 mRemote究竟为何物

mRemote的出生,要出先说说ActivityManagerProxy对象(简称AMP)创建说起, AMP是通过ActivityManagerNative.getDefault()来获取的.

2.4.1 AMN.getDefault

[-> ActivityManagerNative.java]

static public IActivityManager getDefault() {
    // [见流程2.4.2]
    return gDefault.get();
}

gDefault的数据类型为Singleton<IActivityManager>, 这是一个单例模式, 接下来看看Singleto.get()的过程

2.4.2 gDefault.get

public abstract class Singleton<IActivityManager> {
    public final IActivityManager get() {
        synchronized (this) {
            if (mInstance == null) {
                //首次调用create()来获取AMP对象[见流程2.4.3]
                mInstance = create();
            }
            return mInstance;
        }
    }
}

首次调用时需要创建,创建完之后保持到mInstance对象,之后可直接使用.

2.4.3 gDefault.create

private static final Singleton<IActivityManager> gDefault = new Singleton<IActivityManager>() {
    protected IActivityManager create() {
        //获取名为"activity"的服务
        IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService("activity");
        //创建AMP对象[见流程2.4.4]
        IActivityManager am = asInterface(b);
        return am;
    }
};

文章Binder系列7—framework层分析，可知ServiceManager.getService(“activity”)返回的是指向目标服务AMS的代理对象BinderProxy对象，由该代理对象可以找到目标服务AMS所在进程

2.4.4 AMN.asInterface

[-> ActivityManagerNative.java]

public abstract class ActivityManagerNative extends Binder implements IActivityManager {
    static public IActivityManager asInterface(IBinder obj) {
        if (obj == null) {
            return null;
        }
        //此处obj = BinderProxy, descriptor = "android.app.IActivityManager"; [见流程2.4.5]
        IActivityManager in = (IActivityManager)obj.queryLocalInterface(descriptor);
        if (in != null) { //此处为null
            return in;
        }
        //[见流程2.4.6]
        return new ActivityManagerProxy(obj);
    }
    ...
}

此时obj为BinderProxy对象, 记录着远程进程system_server中AMS服务的binder线程的handle.

2.4.5 queryLocalInterface

[Binder.java]

public class Binder implements IBinder {
    //对于Binder对象的调用,则返回值不为空
    public IInterface queryLocalInterface(String descriptor) {
        //mDescriptor的初始化在attachInterface()过程中赋值
        if (mDescriptor.equals(descriptor)) {
            return mOwner;
        }
        return null;
    }
}

//由上一小节[2.4.4]调用的流程便是此处,返回Null
final class BinderProxy implements IBinder {
    //BinderProxy对象的调用, 则返回值为空
    public IInterface queryLocalInterface(String descriptor) {
        return null;
    }
}

对于Binder IPC的过程中, 同一个进程的调用则会是asInterface()方法返回的便是本地的Binder对象;对于不同进程的调用则会是远程代理对象BinderProxy.

2.4.6 创建AMP

[-> ActivityManagerNative.java :: AMP]

class ActivityManagerProxy implements IActivityManager {
    public ActivityManagerProxy(IBinder remote) {
        mRemote = remote;
    }
}

可知mRemote便是指向AMS服务的BinderProxy对象。

2.5 mRemote.transact

[-> Binder.java ::BinderProxy]

final class BinderProxy implements IBinder {
    public boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException {
        //用于检测Parcel大小是否大于800k
        Binder.checkParcel(this, code, data, "Unreasonably large binder buffer");
        //【见2.6】
        return transactNative(code, data, reply, flags);
    }
}

mRemote.transact()方法中的code=START_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data保存了descriptor，caller, intent, resolvedType, callingPackage, userId这6项信息。

transactNative是native方法，经过jni调用android_os_BinderProxy_transact方法。

2.6 android_os_BinderProxy_transact

[-> android_util_Binder.cpp]

static jboolean android_os_BinderProxy_transact(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj,
    jint code, jobject dataObj, jobject replyObj, jint flags)
{
    ...
    //将java Parcel转为c++ Parcel
    Parcel* data = parcelForJavaObject(env, dataObj);
    Parcel* reply = parcelForJavaObject(env, replyObj);

    //gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject中保存的是new BpBinder(handle)对象
    IBinder* target = (IBinder*) env->GetLongField(obj, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject);
    ...

    //此处便是BpBinder::transact()【见小节2.7】
    status_t err = target->transact(code, *data, reply, flags);
    ...

    //最后根据transact执行具体情况，抛出相应的Exception
    signalExceptionForError(env, obj, err, true , data->dataSize());
    return JNI_FALSE;
}

gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject中保存的是BpBinder对象, 这是开机时Zygote调用AndroidRuntime::startReg方法来完成jni方法的注册.

其中register_android_os_Binder()过程就有一个初始并注册BinderProxy的操作,完成gBinderProxyOffsets的赋值过程. 接下来就进入该方法.

2.7 BpBinder.transact

[-> BpBinder.cpp]

status_t BpBinder::transact(
    uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
    if (mAlive) {
        // 【见小节2.8】
        status_t status = IPCThreadState::self()->transact(
            mHandle, code, data, reply, flags);
        if (status == DEAD_OBJECT) mAlive = 0;
        return status;
    }
    return DEAD_OBJECT;
}

IPCThreadState::self()采用单例模式，保证每个线程只有一个实例对象。

2.8 IPC.transact

[-> IPCThreadState.cpp]

status_t IPCThreadState::transact(int32_t handle,
                                  uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
                                  Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
    status_t err = data.errorCheck(); //数据错误检查
    flags |= TF_ACCEPT_FDS;
    ....
    if (err == NO_ERROR) {
         // 传输数据 【见小节2.9】
        err = writeTransactionData(BC_TRANSACTION, flags, handle, code, data, NULL);
    }

    if (err != NO_ERROR) {
        if (reply) reply->setError(err);
        return (mLastError = err);
    }

    // 默认情况下,都是采用非oneway的方式, 也就是需要等待服务端的返回结果
    if ((flags & TF_ONE_WAY) == 0) {
        if (reply) {
            //reply对象不为空 【见小节2.10】
            err = waitForResponse(reply);
        }else {
            Parcel fakeReply;
            err = waitForResponse(&fakeReply);
        }
    } else {
        err = waitForResponse(NULL, NULL);
    }
    return err;
}

transact主要过程:

先执行writeTransactionData()已向Parcel数据类型的mOut写入数据，此时mIn还没有数据；
然后执行waitForResponse()方法，循环执行，直到收到应答消息. 调用talkWithDriver()跟驱动交互，收到应答消息，便会写入mIn, 则根据收到的不同响应吗，执行相应的操作。

此处调用waitForResponse根据是否有设置TF_ONE_WAY的标记:

当已设置oneway时, 则调用waitForResponse(NULL, NULL);
当未设置oneway时, 则调用waitForResponse(reply) 或 waitForResponse(&fakeReply)

2.9 IPC.writeTransactionData

[-> IPCThreadState.cpp]

status_t IPCThreadState::writeTransactionData(int32_t cmd, uint32_t binderFlags,
    int32_t handle, uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, status_t* statusBuffer)
{
    binder_transaction_data tr;

    tr.target.ptr = 0;
    tr.target.handle = handle; // handle指向AMS
    tr.code = code;            // START_SERVICE_TRANSACTION
    tr.flags = binderFlags;    // 0
    tr.cookie = 0;
    tr.sender_pid = 0;
    tr.sender_euid = 0;

    const status_t err = data.errorCheck();
    if (err == NO_ERROR) {
        // data为startService相关信息
        tr.data_size = data.ipcDataSize();   // mDataSize
        tr.data.ptr.buffer = data.ipcData(); // mData指针
        tr.offsets_size = data.ipcObjectsCount()*sizeof(binder_size_t); //mObjectsSize
        tr.data.ptr.offsets = data.ipcObjects(); //mObjects指针
    }
    ...
    mOut.writeInt32(cmd);         //cmd = BC_TRANSACTION
    mOut.write(&tr, sizeof(tr));  //写入binder_transaction_data数据
    return NO_ERROR;
}

将数据写入mOut

2.10 IPC.waitForResponse

status_t IPCThreadState::waitForResponse(Parcel *reply, status_t *acquireResult)
{
    int32_t cmd;
    int32_t err;

    while (1) {
        if ((err=talkWithDriver()) < NO_ERROR) break; // 【见小节2.11】
        err = mIn.errorCheck();
        if (err < NO_ERROR) break; //当存在error则退出循环

         //每当跟Driver交互一次，若mIn收到数据则往下执行一次BR命令
        if (mIn.dataAvail() == 0) continue;

        cmd = mIn.readInt32();

        switch (cmd) {
        case BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE:
            //只有当不需要reply, 也就是oneway时 才会跳出循环,否则还需要等待.
            if (!reply && !acquireResult) goto finish; break;

        case BR_DEAD_REPLY:
            err = DEAD_OBJECT;         goto finish;
        case BR_FAILED_REPLY:
            err = FAILED_TRANSACTION;  goto finish;
        case BR_REPLY: ...             goto finish;

        default:
            err = executeCommand(cmd);  //【见小节2.12】
            if (err != NO_ERROR) goto finish;
            break;
        }
    }

finish:
    if (err != NO_ERROR) {
        if (reply) reply->setError(err); //将发送的错误代码返回给最初的调用者
    }
    return err;
}

在这个过程中, 收到以下任一BR_命令，处理后便会退出waitForResponse()的状态:

BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE: binder驱动收到BC_TRANSACTION事件后的应答消息; 对于oneway transaction,当收到该消息,则完成了本次Binder通信;
BR_DEAD_REPLY: 回复失败，往往是线程或节点为空. 则结束本次通信Binder;
BR_FAILED_REPLY:回复失败，往往是transaction出错导致. 则结束本次通信Binder;
BR_REPLY: Binder驱动向Client端发送回应消息; 对于非oneway transaction时,当收到该消息,则完整地完成本次Binder通信;

除了以上命令，其他命令的处理流程【见小节2.12】

2.11 IPC.talkWithDriver

//mOut有数据，mIn还没有数据。doReceive默认值为true
status_t IPCThreadState::talkWithDriver(bool doReceive)
{
    binder_write_read bwr;

    const bool needRead = mIn.dataPosition() >= mIn.dataSize();
    const size_t outAvail = (!doReceive || needRead) ? mOut.dataSize() : 0;

    bwr.write_size = outAvail;
    bwr.write_buffer = (uintptr_t)mOut.data();

    if (doReceive && needRead) {
        //接收数据缓冲区信息的填充。当收到驱动的数据，则写入mIn
        bwr.read_size = mIn.dataCapacity();
        bwr.read_buffer = (uintptr_t)mIn.data();
    } else {
        bwr.read_size = 0;
        bwr.read_buffer = 0;
    }

    // 当同时没有输入和输出数据则直接返回
    if ((bwr.write_size == 0) && (bwr.read_size == 0)) return NO_ERROR;

    bwr.write_consumed = 0;
    bwr.read_consumed = 0;
    status_t err;
    do {
        //ioctl执行binder读写操作，经过syscall，进入Binder驱动。调用Binder_ioctl【小节3.1】
        if (ioctl(mProcess->mDriverFD, BINDER_WRITE_READ, &bwr) >= 0)
            err = NO_ERROR;
        else
            err = -errno;
        ...
    } while (err == -EINTR);

    if (err >= NO_ERROR) {
        if (bwr.write_consumed > 0) {
            if (bwr.write_consumed < mOut.dataSize())
                mOut.remove(0, bwr.write_consumed);
            else
                mOut.setDataSize(0);
        }
        if (bwr.read_consumed > 0) {
            mIn.setDataSize(bwr.read_consumed);
            mIn.setDataPosition(0);
        }
        return NO_ERROR;
    }
    return err;
}

binder_write_read结构体用来与Binder设备交换数据的结构, 通过ioctl与mDriverFD通信，是真正与Binder驱动进行数据读写交互的过程。

2.12 IPC.executeCommand

status_t IPCThreadState::executeCommand(int32_t cmd)
{
    BBinder* obj;
    RefBase::weakref_type* refs;
    status_t result = NO_ERROR;

    switch ((uint32_t)cmd) {
    case BR_ERROR: ...
    case BR_OK: ...
    case BR_ACQUIRE: ...
    case BR_RELEASE: ...
    case BR_INCREFS: ...
    case BR_TRANSACTION: ... //Binder驱动向Server端发送消息
    case BR_DEAD_BINDER: ...
    case BR_CLEAR_DEATH_NOTIFICATION_DONE: ...
    case BR_NOOP: ...
    case BR_SPAWN_LOOPER: ... //创建新binder线程
    default: ...
    }
}

再回到【小节2.11】，可知ioctl()方法经过syscall最终调用到Binder_ioctl()方法.

三、Binder driver

3.1 binder_ioctl

[-> Binder.c]

由【小节2.11】传递过出来的参数 cmd=BINDER_WRITE_READ

static long binder_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
    int ret;
    struct binder_proc *proc = filp->private_data;
    struct binder_thread *thread;

    //当binder_stop_on_user_error>=2时，则该线程加入等待队列并进入休眠状态. 该值默认为0
    ret = wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
    ...
    binder_lock(__func__);
    //查找或创建binder_thread结构体
    thread = binder_get_thread(proc);
    ...
    switch (cmd) {
        case BINDER_WRITE_READ:
            //【见小节3.2】
            ret = binder_ioctl_write_read(filp, cmd, arg, thread);
            break;
        ...
    }
    ret = 0;

err:
    if (thread)
        thread->looper &= ~BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_NEED_RETURN;
    binder_unlock(__func__);
    wait_event_interruptible(binder_user_error_wait, binder_stop_on_user_error < 2);
    return ret;
}

首先,根据传递过来的文件句柄指针获取相应的binder_proc结构体, 再从中查找binder_thread,如果当前线程已经加入到proc的线程队列则直接返回，如果不存在则创建binder_thread，并将当前线程添加到当前的proc.

当返回值为-ENOMEM，则意味着内存不足，往往会出现创建binder_thread对象失败;
当返回值为-EINVAL，则意味着CMD命令参数无效；

3.2 binder_ioctl_write_read

static int binder_ioctl_write_read(struct file *filp,
                unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg,
                struct binder_thread *thread)
{
    int ret = 0;
    struct binder_proc *proc = filp->private_data;
    unsigned int size = _IOC_SIZE(cmd);
    void __user *ubuf = (void __user *)arg;
    struct binder_write_read bwr;
    if (size != sizeof(struct binder_write_read)) {
        ret = -EINVAL;
        goto out;
    }
    //将用户空间bwr结构体拷贝到内核空间
    if (copy_from_user(&bwr, ubuf, sizeof(bwr))) {
        ret = -EFAULT;
        goto out;
    }

    if (bwr.write_size > 0) {
        //将数据放入目标进程【见小节3.3】
        ret = binder_thread_write(proc, thread,
                      bwr.write_buffer,
                      bwr.write_size,
                      &bwr.write_consumed);
        //当执行失败，则直接将内核bwr结构体写回用户空间，并跳出该方法
        if (ret < 0) {
            bwr.read_consumed = 0;
            if (copy_to_user_preempt_disabled(ubuf, &bwr, sizeof(bwr)))
                ret = -EFAULT;
            goto out;
        }
    }
    if (bwr.read_size > 0) {
        //读取自己队列的数据 【见小节3.5】
        ret = binder_thread_read(proc, thread, bwr.read_buffer,
             bwr.read_size,
             &bwr.read_consumed,
             filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK);
        //当进程的todo队列有数据,则唤醒在该队列等待的进程
        if (!list_empty(&proc->todo))
            wake_up_interruptible(&proc->wait);
        //当执行失败，则直接将内核bwr结构体写回用户空间，并跳出该方法
        if (ret < 0) {
            if (copy_to_user_preempt_disabled(ubuf, &bwr, sizeof(bwr)))
                ret = -EFAULT;
            goto out;
        }
    }

    if (copy_to_user(ubuf, &bwr, sizeof(bwr))) {
        ret = -EFAULT;
        goto out;
    }
out:
    return ret;
}   

此时arg是一个binder_write_read结构体，mOut数据保存在write_buffer，所以write_size>0，但此时read_size=0。首先,将用户空间bwr结构体拷贝到内核空间,然后执行binder_thread_write()操作.

3.3 binder_thread_write

static int binder_thread_write(struct binder_proc *proc,
            struct binder_thread *thread,
            binder_uintptr_t binder_buffer, size_t size,
            binder_size_t *consumed)
{
    uint32_t cmd;
    void __user *buffer = (void __user *)(uintptr_t)binder_buffer;
    void __user *ptr = buffer + *consumed;
    void __user *end = buffer + size;
    while (ptr < end && thread->return_error == BR_OK) {
        //拷贝用户空间的cmd命令，此时为BC_TRANSACTION
        if (get_user(cmd, (uint32_t __user *)ptr)) -EFAULT;
        ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
        switch (cmd) {
        case BC_TRANSACTION:
        case BC_REPLY: {
            struct binder_transaction_data tr;
            //拷贝用户空间的binder_transaction_data
            if (copy_from_user(&tr, ptr, sizeof(tr)))   return -EFAULT;
            ptr += sizeof(tr);
            // 见小节3.4】
            binder_transaction(proc, thread, &tr, cmd == BC_REPLY);
            break;
        }
        ...
    }
    *consumed = ptr - buffer;
  }
  return 0;
}

不断从binder_buffer所指向的地址获取cmd, 当只有BC_TRANSACTION或者BC_REPLY时, 则调用binder_transaction()来处理事务.

3.4 binder_transaction

发送的是BC_TRANSACTION时，此时reply=0。

static void binder_transaction(struct binder_proc *proc,
               struct binder_thread *thread,
               struct binder_transaction_data *tr, int reply){
     struct binder_transaction *t;
     struct binder_work *tcomplete;
     binder_size_t *offp, *off_end;
     binder_size_t off_min;
     struct binder_proc *target_proc;
     struct binder_thread *target_thread = NULL;
     struct binder_node *target_node = NULL;
     struct list_head *target_list;
     wait_queue_head_t *target_wait;
     struct binder_transaction *in_reply_to = NULL;

    if (reply) {
        ...
    }else {
        if (tr->target.handle) {
            struct binder_ref *ref;
            // 由handle 找到相应 binder_ref, 由binder_ref 找到相应 binder_node
            ref = binder_get_ref(proc, tr->target.handle);
            target_node = ref->node;
        } else {
            target_node = binder_context_mgr_node;
        }
        // 由binder_node 找到相应 binder_proc
        target_proc = target_node->proc;
    }


    if (target_thread) {
        e->to_thread = target_thread->pid;
        target_list = &target_thread->todo;
        target_wait = &target_thread->wait;
    } else {
        //首次执行target_thread为空
        target_list = &target_proc->todo;
        target_wait = &target_proc->wait;
    }

    t = kzalloc(sizeof(*t), GFP_KERNEL);
    tcomplete = kzalloc(sizeof(*tcomplete), GFP_KERNEL);

    //非oneway的通信方式，把当前thread保存到transaction的from字段
    if (!reply && !(tr->flags & TF_ONE_WAY))
        t->from = thread;
    else
        t->from = NULL;

    t->sender_euid = task_euid(proc->tsk);
    t->to_proc = target_proc; //此次通信目标进程为system_server
    t->to_thread = target_thread;
    t->code = tr->code;  //此次通信code = START_SERVICE_TRANSACTION
    t->flags = tr->flags;  // 此次通信flags = 0
    t->priority = task_nice(current);

    //从目标进程target_proc中分配内存空间【3.4.1】
    t->buffer = binder_alloc_buf(target_proc, tr->data_size,
        tr->offsets_size, !reply && (t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY));

    t->buffer->allow_user_free = 0;
    t->buffer->transaction = t;
    t->buffer->target_node = target_node;

    if (target_node)
        binder_inc_node(target_node, 1, 0, NULL); //引用计数加1
    //binder对象的偏移量
    offp = (binder_size_t *)(t->buffer->data + ALIGN(tr->data_size, sizeof(void *)));

    //分别拷贝用户空间的binder_transaction_data中ptr.buffer和ptr.offsets到目标进程的binder_buffer
    copy_from_user(t->buffer->data,
        (const void __user *)(uintptr_t)tr->data.ptr.buffer, tr->data_size);
    copy_from_user(offp,
        (const void __user *)(uintptr_t)tr->data.ptr.offsets, tr->offsets_size);

    off_end = (void *)offp + tr->offsets_size;

    for (; offp < off_end; offp++) {
        struct flat_binder_object *fp;
        fp = (struct flat_binder_object *)(t->buffer->data + *offp);
        off_min = *offp + sizeof(struct flat_binder_object);
        switch (fp->type) {
        ...
        case BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE:
        case BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_HANDLE: {
            //处理引用计数情况
            struct binder_ref *ref = binder_get_ref(proc, fp->handle);
            if (ref->node->proc == target_proc) {
                if (fp->type == BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE)
                    fp->type = BINDER_TYPE_BINDER;
                else
                    fp->type = BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_BINDER;
                fp->binder = ref->node->ptr;
                fp->cookie = ref->node->cookie;
                binder_inc_node(ref->node, fp->type == BINDER_TYPE_BINDER, 0, NULL);
            } else {    
                struct binder_ref *new_ref;
                new_ref = binder_get_ref_for_node(target_proc, ref->node);
                fp->handle = new_ref->desc;
                binder_inc_ref(new_ref, fp->type == BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE, NULL);
            }
        } break;
        ...

        default:
            return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
            goto err_bad_object_type;
        }
    }

    if (reply) {
        //BC_REPLY的过程
        binder_pop_transaction(target_thread, in_reply_to);
    } else if (!(t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY)) {
        //BC_TRANSACTION 且 非oneway,则设置事务栈信息
        t->need_reply = 1;
        t->from_parent = thread->transaction_stack;
        thread->transaction_stack = t;
    } else {
        //BC_TRANSACTION 且 oneway,则加入异步todo队列
        if (target_node->has_async_transaction) {
            target_list = &target_node->async_todo;
            target_wait = NULL;
        } else
            target_node->has_async_transaction = 1;
    }

    //将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION添加到目标队列,即target_proc->todo
    t->work.type = BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION;
    list_add_tail(&t->work.entry, target_list);

    //将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE添加到当前线程队列，即thread->todo
    tcomplete->type = BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE;
    list_add_tail(&tcomplete->entry, &thread->todo);

    //唤醒等待队列，本次通信的目标队列为target_proc->wait
    if (target_wait)
        wake_up_interruptible(target_wait);
    return;
}

主要功能:

查询目标进程的过程： handle -> binder_ref -> binder_node -> binder_proc
将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION添加到目标队列target_list:
- call事务，则目标队列target_list=target_proc->todo;
- reply事务，则目标队列target_list=target_thread->todo;
- async事务，则目标队列target_list=target_node->async_todo.
数据拷贝
- 将用户空间binder_transaction_data中ptr.buffer和ptr.offsets拷贝到目标进程的binder_buffer->data；
- 这就是只拷贝一次的真理所在；
设置事务栈信息
- BC_TRANSACTION且非oneway, 则将当前事务添加到thread->transaction_stack；
事务分发过程：
- 将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION添加到目标队列(此时为target_proc->todo队列);
- 将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE添加到当前线程thread->todo队列;
唤醒目标进程target_proc开始执行事务。

该方法中proc/thread是指当前发起方的进程信息，而binder_proc是指目标接收端进程。此时当前线程thread的todo队列已经有事务, 接下来便会进入binder_thread_read来处理相关的事务.

3.4.1 binder_alloc_buf

static struct binder_buffer *binder_alloc_buf(struct binder_proc *proc,
                          size_t data_size, size_t offsets_size, int is_async)
{
    struct rb_node *n = proc->free_buffers.rb_node;
    struct binder_buffer *buffer;
    size_t buffer_size;
    struct rb_node *best_fit = NULL;
    void *has_page_addr;
    void *end_page_addr;
    size_t size;
    ..
    size = ALIGN(data_size, sizeof(void *)) + ALIGN(offsets_size, sizeof(void *));
    if (is_async && proc->free_async_space < size + sizeof(struct binder_buffer)) {
        return NULL; // 剩余可用的异步空间，小于所需的大小
    }
    while (n) {  //从binder_buffer的红黑树中查找大小相等的buffer块
        buffer = rb_entry(n, struct binder_buffer, rb_node);
        buffer_size = binder_buffer_size(proc, buffer);
        if (size < buffer_size) {
            best_fit = n;
            n = n->rb_left;
        } else if (size > buffer_size)
            n = n->rb_right;
        else {
            best_fit = n;
            break;
        }
    }
    ...
    if (n == NULL) {
        buffer = rb_entry(best_fit, struct binder_buffer, rb_node);
        buffer_size = binder_buffer_size(proc, buffer);
    }

    has_page_addr =(void *)(((uintptr_t)buffer->data + buffer_size) & PAGE_MASK);
    if (n == NULL) {
        if (size + sizeof(struct binder_buffer) + 4 >= buffer_size)
            buffer_size = size;
        else
            buffer_size = size + sizeof(struct binder_buffer);
    }
    //末端地址
    end_page_addr =     (void *)PAGE_ALIGN((uintptr_t)buffer->data + buffer_size);
    ...
    //分配物理页
    if (binder_update_page_range(proc, 1,
        (void *)PAGE_ALIGN((uintptr_t)buffer->data), end_page_addr, NULL))
        return NULL;
    rb_erase(best_fit, &proc->free_buffers);
    buffer->free = 0;
    binder_insert_allocated_buffer(proc, buffer);
    if (buffer_size != size) {
        struct binder_buffer *new_buffer = (void *)buffer->data + size;
        list_add(&new_buffer->entry, &buffer->entry);
        new_buffer->free = 1;
        binder_insert_free_buffer(proc, new_buffer);
    }

    buffer->data_size = data_size;
    buffer->offsets_size = offsets_size;
    buffer->async_transaction = is_async;
    if (is_async) { //调整异步可用内存空间大小
        proc->free_async_space -= size + sizeof(struct binder_buffer);
    }
    return buffer;
}

3.5 binder_thread_read

binder_thread_read（）{
    //当已使用字节数为0时，将BR_NOOP响应码放入指针ptr
    if (*consumed == 0) {
            if (put_user(BR_NOOP, (uint32_t __user *)ptr))
                return -EFAULT;
            ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
        }

retry:
    //binder_transaction()已设置transaction_stack不为空，则wait_for_proc_work为false.
    wait_for_proc_work = thread->transaction_stack == NULL &&
            list_empty(&thread->todo);

    thread->looper |= BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_WAITING;
    if (wait_for_proc_work)
      proc->ready_threads++; //进程中空闲binder线程加1

    //只有当前线程todo队列为空，并且transaction_stack也为空，才会开始处于当前进程的事务
    if (wait_for_proc_work) {
        if (non_block) {
            ...
        } else
            //当进程todo队列没有数据,则进入休眠等待状态
            ret = wait_event_freezable_exclusive(proc->wait, binder_has_proc_work(proc, thread));
    } else {
        if (non_block) {
            ...
        } else
            //当线程todo队列有数据则执行往下执行；当线程todo队列没有数据，则进入休眠等待状态
            ret = wait_event_freezable(thread->wait, binder_has_thread_work(thread));
    }

    if (wait_for_proc_work)
      proc->ready_threads--; //退出等待状态, 则进程中空闲binder线程减1
    thread->looper &= ~BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_WAITING;
    ...

    while (1) {

        uint32_t cmd;
        struct binder_transaction_data tr;
        struct binder_work *w;
        struct binder_transaction *t = NULL;
        //先从线程todo队列获取事务数据
        if (!list_empty(&thread->todo)) {
            w = list_first_entry(&thread->todo, struct binder_work, entry);
        // 线程todo队列没有数据, 则从进程todo对获取事务数据
        } else if (!list_empty(&proc->todo) && wait_for_proc_work) {
            w = list_first_entry(&proc->todo, struct binder_work, entry);
        } else {
            //没有数据,则返回retry
            if (ptr - buffer == 4 &&
                !(thread->looper & BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_NEED_RETURN))
                goto retry;
            break;
        }

        switch (w->type) {
            case BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION:
                //获取transaction数据
                t = container_of(w, struct binder_transaction, work);
                break;

            case BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE:
                cmd = BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE;
                //将BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE写入*ptr，并跳出循环。
                put_user(cmd, (uint32_t __user *)ptr)；
                list_del(&w->entry);
                kfree(w);
                break;

            case BINDER_WORK_NODE: ...    break;
            case BINDER_WORK_DEAD_BINDER:
            case BINDER_WORK_DEAD_BINDER_AND_CLEAR:
            case BINDER_WORK_CLEAR_DEATH_NOTIFICATION: ...   break;
        }

        //只有BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION命令才能继续往下执行
        if (!t)
            continue;

        if (t->buffer->target_node) {
            //获取目标node
            struct binder_node *target_node = t->buffer->target_node;
            tr.target.ptr = target_node->ptr;
            tr.cookie =  target_node->cookie;
            t->saved_priority = task_nice(current);
            ...
            cmd = BR_TRANSACTION;  //设置命令为BR_TRANSACTION
        } else {
            tr.target.ptr = NULL;
            tr.cookie = NULL;
            cmd = BR_REPLY; //设置命令为BR_REPLY
        }
        tr.code = t->code;
        tr.flags = t->flags;
        tr.sender_euid = t->sender_euid;

        if (t->from) {
            struct task_struct *sender = t->from->proc->tsk;
            //当非oneway的情况下,将调用者进程的pid保存到sender_pid
            tr.sender_pid = task_tgid_nr_ns(sender,
                            current->nsproxy->pid_ns);
        } else {
            //当oneway的的情况下,则该值为0
            tr.sender_pid = 0;
        }

        tr.data_size = t->buffer->data_size;
        tr.offsets_size = t->buffer->offsets_size;
        tr.data.ptr.buffer = (void *)t->buffer->data + proc->user_buffer_offset;
        tr.data.ptr.offsets = tr.data.ptr.buffer +
                    ALIGN(t->buffer->data_size, sizeof(void *));

        //将cmd和数据写回用户空间
        if (put_user(cmd, (uint32_t __user *)ptr))
            return -EFAULT;
        ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
        if (copy_to_user(ptr, &tr, sizeof(tr)))
            return -EFAULT;
        ptr += sizeof(tr);

        list_del(&t->work.entry);
        t->buffer->allow_user_free = 1;
        if (cmd == BR_TRANSACTION && !(t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY)) {
            t->to_parent = thread->transaction_stack;
            t->to_thread = thread;
            thread->transaction_stack = t;
        } else {
            t->buffer->transaction = NULL;
            kfree(t); //通信完成,则运行释放
        }
        break;
    }
done:
    *consumed = ptr - buffer;
    //当满足请求线程加已准备线程数等于0，已启动线程数小于最大线程数(15)，
    //且looper状态为已注册或已进入时创建新的线程。
    if (proc->requested_threads + proc->ready_threads == 0 &&
        proc->requested_threads_started < proc->max_threads &&
        (thread->looper & (BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_REGISTERED |
         BINDER_LOOPER_STATE_ENTERED))) {
        proc->requested_threads++;
        // 生成BR_SPAWN_LOOPER命令，用于创建新的线程
        put_user(BR_SPAWN_LOOPER, (uint32_t __user *)buffer)；
    }
    return 0;
}

该方法功能说明:

此处wait_for_proc_work是指当前线程todo队列为空，并且transaction_stack也为空,该值为true.

当wait_for_proc_work = false, 则进入线程的等待队列thread->wait, 直到thread->todo队列有事务才往下执行;
- 获取并处理thread->todo队列中的事务;将相应的cmd和数据写回用户空间.
当wait_for_proc_work = true, 则进入线程的等待队列proc->wait, 直到proc->todo队列有事务才往下执行;
- 获取并处理proc->todo队列中的事务;将相应的cmd和数据写回用户空间.

到这里,可能有人好奇,对于[小节3.4]介绍了target_list有3种, 这里只会处理前2种:thread->todo, proc->todo.那么对于 target_node->async_todo的处理过程时间呢? [见小节5.4]

3.6 下一步何去何从

执行完binder_thread_write方法后, 通过binder_transaction()首先写入BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE写入当前线程.
这时bwr.read_size > 0, 回到binder_ioctl_write_read方法, 便开始执行binder_thread_read();
在binder_thread_read()方法, 将获取cmd=BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE, 再将cmd和数据写回用户空间;
一次Binder_ioctl完成,接着回调用户空间方法talkWithDriver(),刚才的数据以写入mIn.
这时mIn有可读数据, 回到【小节2.10】IPC.waitForResponse()方法,完成BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE过程. 如果本次transaction采用非oneway方式, 这次Binder通信便完成, 否则还是要等待Binder服务端的返回。

对于startService过程, 采用的便是非oneway方式,那么发起者进程还会继续停留在waitForResponse()方法,继续talkWithDriver()，然后休眠在binder_thread_read()的wait_event_freezable()过程，等待当前线程的todo队列有数据的到来，即等待收到BR_REPLY消息.

由于在前面binder_transaction()除了向自己所在线程写入了BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE, 还向目标进程(此处为system_server)写入了BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION命令，那么接下里介绍system_server进程的工作。

四. 回到用户空间

system_server的binder线程是如何运转的，那么就需要从Binder线程的创建开始说起， Binder线程的创建有两种方式：

ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool();

从文章addService 小节4.1，可知，调用链如下： startThreadPool()过程会创建新Binder线程，再经过层层调用也会进入joinThreadPool()方法。 system_server的binder线程从IPC.joinThreadPool –> IPC.getAndExecuteCommand() -> IPC.talkWithDriver() ,但talkWithDriver收到事务之后, 便进入IPC.executeCommand()方法。

接下来从joinThreadPool说起：

4.1 IPC.joinThreadPool

void IPCThreadState::joinThreadPool(bool isMain)
{
    mOut.writeInt32(isMain ? BC_ENTER_LOOPER : BC_REGISTER_LOOPER);
    set_sched_policy(mMyThreadId, SP_FOREGROUND);

    status_t result;
    do {
        processPendingDerefs(); //处理对象引用
        result = getAndExecuteCommand();//获取并执行命令【见小节4.2】

        if (result < NO_ERROR && result != TIMED_OUT && result != -ECONNREFUSED && result != -EBADF) {
            ALOGE("getAndExecuteCommand(fd=%d) returned unexpected error %d, aborting",
                  mProcess->mDriverFD, result);
            abort();
        }

        //对于binder非主线程不再使用，则退出
        if(result == TIMED_OUT && !isMain) {
            break;
        }
    } while (result != -ECONNREFUSED && result != -EBADF);

    mOut.writeInt32(BC_EXIT_LOOPER);
    talkWithDriver(false);
}

4.2 IPC.getAndExecuteCommand

status_t IPCThreadState::getAndExecuteCommand()
{
    status_t result;
    int32_t cmd;

    result = talkWithDriver(); //该Binder Driver进行交互
    if (result >= NO_ERROR) {
        size_t IN = mIn.dataAvail();
        if (IN < sizeof(int32_t)) return result;
        cmd = mIn.readInt32(); //读取命令

        pthread_mutex_lock(&mProcess->mThreadCountLock);
        mProcess->mExecutingThreadsCount++;
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mProcess->mThreadCountLock);

        result = executeCommand(cmd); //【见小节4.3】

        pthread_mutex_lock(&mProcess->mThreadCountLock);
        mProcess->mExecutingThreadsCount--;
        pthread_cond_broadcast(&mProcess->mThreadCountDecrement);
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mProcess->mThreadCountLock);

        set_sched_policy(mMyThreadId, SP_FOREGROUND);
    }
    return result;
}

此时system_server的binder线程空闲便是停留在binder_thread_read()方法来处理进程/线程新的事务。由【小节3.4】可知收到的是BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION命令, 再经过inder_thread_read()后生成命令cmd=BR_TRANSACTION.再将cmd和数据写回用户空间。

4.3 IPC.executeCommand

status_t IPCThreadState::executeCommand(int32_t cmd)
{
    BBinder* obj;
    RefBase::weakref_type* refs;
    status_t result = NO_ERROR;

    switch ((uint32_t)cmd) {
        case BR_TRANSACTION:
        {
            binder_transaction_data tr;
            result = mIn.read(&tr, sizeof(tr)); //读取mIn数据
            if (result != NO_ERROR) break;

            Parcel buffer;
            //当buffer对象回收时，则会调用freeBuffer来回收内存【见小节4.3.1】
            buffer.ipcSetDataReference(
                reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(tr.data.ptr.buffer),
                tr.data_size,
                reinterpret_cast<const binder_size_t*>(tr.data.ptr.offsets),
                tr.offsets_size/sizeof(binder_size_t), freeBuffer, this);

            const pid_t origPid = mCallingPid;
            const uid_t origUid = mCallingUid;
            const int32_t origStrictModePolicy = mStrictModePolicy;
            const int32_t origTransactionBinderFlags = mLastTransactionBinderFlags;

            //设置调用者的pid和uid
            mCallingPid = tr.sender_pid;
            mCallingUid = tr.sender_euid;
            mLastTransactionBinderFlags = tr.flags;

            int curPrio = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, mMyThreadId);
            if (gDisableBackgroundScheduling) {
                ... //不进入此分支
            } else {
                if (curPrio >= ANDROID_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND) {
                    set_sched_policy(mMyThreadId, SP_BACKGROUND);
                }
            }

            Parcel reply;
            status_t error;
            if (tr.target.ptr) {
                //尝试通过弱引用获取强引用
                if (reinterpret_cast<RefBase::weakref_type*>(
                        tr.target.ptr)->attemptIncStrong(this)) {

                    // tr.cookie里存放的是BBinder子类JavaBBinder [见流程4.4]
                    error = reinterpret_cast<BBinder*>(tr.cookie)->transact(tr.code, buffer,
                            &reply, tr.flags);
                    reinterpret_cast<BBinder*>(tr.cookie)->decStrong(this);
                } else {
                    error = UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
                }

            } else {
                error = the_context_object->transact(tr.code, buffer, &reply, tr.flags);
            }

            if ((tr.flags & TF_ONE_WAY) == 0) {
                if (error < NO_ERROR) reply.setError(error);
                //对于非oneway, 需要reply通信过程,则向Binder驱动发送BC_REPLY命令【见小节4.3.1】
                sendReply(reply, 0);
            }
            //恢复pid和uid信息
            mCallingPid = origPid;
            mCallingUid = origUid;
            ...
        }
        break;

        case ...

        default:
            result = UNKNOWN_ERROR;
            break;
    }

    if (result != NO_ERROR) {
        mLastError = result;
    }
    return result;
}

对于oneway的场景, 执行完本次transact()则全部结束.
对于非oneway, 需要reply的通信过程,则向Binder驱动发送BC_REPLY命令【见小节5.1】

4.3.1 ipcSetDataReference

[-> Parcel.cpp]

void Parcel::ipcSetDataReference(const uint8_t* data, size_t dataSize,
    const binder_size_t* objects, size_t objectsCount, release_func relFunc, void* relCookie)
{
    binder_size_t minOffset = 0;
    freeDataNoInit(); //【见小节4.3.2】
    mError = NO_ERROR;
    mData = const_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
    mDataSize = mDataCapacity = dataSize;
    mDataPos = 0;
    mObjects = const_cast<binder_size_t*>(objects);
    mObjectsSize = mObjectsCapacity = objectsCount;
    mNextObjectHint = 0;
    mOwner = relFunc;
    mOwnerCookie = relCookie;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < mObjectsSize; i++) {
        binder_size_t offset = mObjects[i];
        if (offset < minOffset) {
            mObjectsSize = 0;
            break;
        }
        minOffset = offset + sizeof(flat_binder_object);
    }
    scanForFds();
}

该方法的功能，Parcel成员变量说明：

mData：parcel数据起始地址
mDataSize：parcel数据大小
mObjects：flat_binder_object地址偏移量
mObjectsSize：parcel中flat_binder_object个数
mOwner：释放函数freebuffer
mOwnerCookie：释放函数所需信息

4.3.2 freeDataNoInit

[-> Parcel.cpp]

void Parcel::freeDataNoInit()
{
    if (mOwner) {
        mOwner(this, mData, mDataSize, mObjects, mObjectsSize, mOwnerCookie);
    } else { //mOwner为空， 进入该分支
        releaseObjects(); //【见小节4.3.3】
        if (mData) {
            pthread_mutex_lock(&gParcelGlobalAllocSizeLock);
            if (mDataCapacity <= gParcelGlobalAllocSize) {
              gParcelGlobalAllocSize = gParcelGlobalAllocSize - mDataCapacity;
            } else {
              gParcelGlobalAllocSize = 0;
            }
            if (gParcelGlobalAllocCount > 0) {
              gParcelGlobalAllocCount--;
            }
            pthread_mutex_unlock(&gParcelGlobalAllocSizeLock);
            free(mData);
        }
        if (mObjects) free(mObjects);
    }
}

4.3.3 releaseObjects

void Parcel::releaseObjects()
{
    const sp<ProcessState> proc(ProcessState::self());
    size_t i = mObjectsSize;
    uint8_t* const data = mData;
    binder_size_t* const objects = mObjects;
    while (i > 0) {
        i--;
        const flat_binder_object* flat
            = reinterpret_cast<flat_binder_object*>(data+objects[i]);
        //【见小节4.3.4】
        release_object(proc, *flat, this, &mOpenAshmemSize);
    }
}

4.3.4 release_object

static void release_object(const sp<ProcessState>& proc, const flat_binder_object& obj, const void* who, size_t* outAshmemSize) {
    switch (obj.type) {
        case BINDER_TYPE_BINDER:
            if (obj.binder) {
                reinterpret_cast<IBinder*>(obj.cookie)->decStrong(who);
            }
            return;
        case BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_BINDER:
            if (obj.binder)
                reinterpret_cast<RefBase::weakref_type*>(obj.binder)->decWeak(who);
            return;
        case BINDER_TYPE_HANDLE: {
            const sp<IBinder> b = proc->getStrongProxyForHandle(obj.handle);
            if (b != NULL) {
                b->decStrong(who);
            }
            return;
        }
        case BINDER_TYPE_WEAK_HANDLE: {
            const wp<IBinder> b = proc->getWeakProxyForHandle(obj.handle);
            if (b != NULL) b.get_refs()->decWeak(who);
            return;
        }
        case BINDER_TYPE_FD: {
            ...
            return;
        }
    }
}

根据flat_binder_object的类型，来决定减少相应的强弱引用。

4.3.5 ~Parcel

[-> Parcel.cpp]

当[小节4.3]executeCommand执行完成后，便会释放局部变量Parcel buffer，则会析构Parcel。

Parcel::~Parcel()
{
    freeDataNoInit();
}

void Parcel::freeDataNoInit()
{
    if (mOwner) { //此处mOwner等于freeBuffer 【见小节4.3.6】
        mOwner(this, mData, mDataSize, mObjects, mObjectsSize, mOwnerCookie);
    } else { 
        ...
    }
}

接下来，进入IPC的freeBuffer过程。

4.3.6 freeBuffer

[-> IPCThreadState.cpp]

void IPCThreadState::freeBuffer(Parcel* parcel, const uint8_t* data,
                                size_t /*dataSize*/,
                                const binder_size_t* /*objects*/,
                                size_t /*objectsSize*/, void* /*cookie*/)
{
    if (parcel != NULL) parcel->closeFileDescriptors();
    IPCThreadState* state = self();
    state->mOut.writeInt32(BC_FREE_BUFFER);
    state->mOut.writePointer((uintptr_t)data);
}

向Binder驱动写入BC_FREE_BUFFER命令。

4.4 BBinder.transact

[-> Binder.cpp ::BBinder ]

status_t BBinder::transact(
    uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags)
{
    data.setDataPosition(0);

    status_t err = NO_ERROR;
    switch (code) {
        case PING_TRANSACTION:
            reply->writeInt32(pingBinder());
            break;
        default:
            err = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags); //【见流程4.5】
            break;
    }

    if (reply != NULL) {
        reply->setDataPosition(0);
    }

    return err;
}

4.5 JavaBBinder.onTransact

[-> android_util_Binder.cpp]

virtual status_t onTransact(
    uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags = 0)
{
    JNIEnv* env = javavm_to_jnienv(mVM);

    IPCThreadState* thread_state = IPCThreadState::self();

    //调用Binder.execTransact [见流程4.6]
    jboolean res = env->CallBooleanMethod(mObject, gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact,
        code, reinterpret_cast<jlong>(&data), reinterpret_cast<jlong>(reply), flags);

    jthrowable excep = env->ExceptionOccurred();
    if (excep) {
        res = JNI_FALSE;
        //发生异常, 则清理JNI本地引用
        env->DeleteLocalRef(excep);
    }
    ...
    return res != JNI_FALSE ? NO_ERROR : UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
}

还记得AndroidRuntime::startReg过程吗, 其中有一个过程便是register_android_os_Binder(),该过程会把gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact便是Binder.java中的execTransact()方法.详见见Binder系列7—framework层分析文章中的第二节初始化的过程.

另外,此处mObject是在服务注册addService过程,会调用writeStrongBinder方法, 将Binder对象传入了JavaBBinder构造函数的参数, 最终赋值给mObject. 在本次通信过程中Object为ActivityManagerNative对象.

此处斗转星移, 从C++代码回到了Java代码. 进入AMN.execTransact, 由于AMN继续于Binder对象, 接下来进入Binder.execTransact

4.6 Binder.execTransact

[Binder.java]

private boolean execTransact(int code, long dataObj, long replyObj, int flags) {
    Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(dataObj);
    Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(replyObj);

    boolean res;
    try {
        // 调用子类AMN.onTransact方法 [见流程4.7]
        res = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
    } catch (RemoteException e) {
        if ((flags & FLAG_ONEWAY) != 0) {
            ...
        } else {
            //非oneway的方式,则会将异常写回reply
            reply.setDataPosition(0);
            reply.writeException(e);
        }
        res = true;
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
        if ((flags & FLAG_ONEWAY) != 0) {
            ...
        } else {
            reply.setDataPosition(0);
            reply.writeException(e);
        }
        res = true;
    } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
        RuntimeException re = new RuntimeException("Out of memory", e);
        reply.setDataPosition(0);
        reply.writeException(re);
        res = true;
    }
    reply.recycle();
    data.recycle();
    return res;
}

当发生RemoteException, RuntimeException, OutOfMemoryError, 对于非oneway的情况下都会把异常传递给调用者.

4.7 AMN.onTransact

[-> ActivityManagerNative.java]

public boolean onTransact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException {
    switch (code) {
    ...
     case START_SERVICE_TRANSACTION: {
        data.enforceInterface(IActivityManager.descriptor);
        IBinder b = data.readStrongBinder();
        //生成ApplicationThreadNative的代理对象，即ApplicationThreadProxy对象
        IApplicationThread app = ApplicationThreadNative.asInterface(b);
        Intent service = Intent.CREATOR.createFromParcel(data);
        String resolvedType = data.readString();
        String callingPackage = data.readString();
        int userId = data.readInt();
        //调用ActivityManagerService的startService()方法【见流程4.8】
        ComponentName cn = startService(app, service, resolvedType, callingPackage, userId);
        reply.writeNoException();
        ComponentName.writeToParcel(cn, reply);
        return true;
    }
}

4.8 AMS.startService

public ComponentName startService(IApplicationThread caller, Intent service, String resolvedType, String callingPackage, int userId) throws TransactionTooLargeException {

    synchronized(this) {
        ...
        ComponentName res = mServices.startServiceLocked(caller, service,
                resolvedType, callingPid, callingUid, callingPackage, userId);
        Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
        return res;
    }
}

历经千山万水, 总算是进入了AMS.startService. 当system_server收到BR_TRANSACTION的过程后，通信并没有完全结束，还需将服务启动完成的回应消息告诉给发起端进程。

五. Reply流程

还记得前面【小节2.10】IPC.waitForResponse()过程，对于非oneway的方式，还仍在一直等待system_server这边的响应呢，只有收到BR_REPLY，或者BR_DEAD_REPLY，或者BR_FAILED_REPLY，再或许其他BR_命令执行出错的情况下，该waitForResponse()才会退出。

BR_REPLY命令是如何来的呢？【小节4.3】IPC.executeCommand()过程处理完BR_TRANSACTION命令的同时，还会通过sendReply()向Binder Driver发送BC_REPLY消息，接下来从该方法说起。

5.1 IPC.sendReply

status_t IPCThreadState::sendReply(const Parcel& reply, uint32_t flags)
{
    status_t err;
    status_t statusBuffer;
    //[见小节2.10]
    err = writeTransactionData(BC_REPLY, flags, -1, 0, reply, &statusBuffer);
    if (err < NO_ERROR) return err;
    //[见小节5.3]
    return waitForResponse(NULL, NULL);
}

先将数据写入mOut；再进waitForResponse，等待应答，此时同理也是等待BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE。同理经过IPC.talkWithDriver -> binder_ioctl -> binder_ioctl_write_read -> binder_thread_write，再就是进入binder_transaction方法。

5.2 BC_REPLY

// reply =true
static void binder_transaction(struct binder_proc *proc,
             struct binder_thread *thread,
             struct binder_transaction_data *tr, int reply)
{
  ...
  if (reply) {
    in_reply_to = thread->transaction_stack; //接收端的事务栈
    ...
    thread->transaction_stack = in_reply_to->to_parent;
    target_thread = in_reply_to->from; //发起端的线程

        //发起端线程不能为空
    if (target_thread == NULL) {
      return_error = BR_DEAD_REPLY;
      goto err_dead_binder;
    }

        //发起端线程的事务栈 要等于 接收端的事务栈
    if (target_thread->transaction_stack != in_reply_to) {
      return_error = BR_FAILED_REPLY;
      in_reply_to = NULL;
      target_thread = NULL;
      goto err_dead_binder;
    }
    target_proc = target_thread->proc; //发起端的进程
  } else {
    ...
  }

  if (target_thread) {
      //发起端的线程
      target_list = &target_thread->todo;
      target_wait = &target_thread->wait;
    } else {
      ...
    }

    t = kzalloc(sizeof(*t), GFP_KERNEL);
    tcomplete = kzalloc(sizeof(*tcomplete), GFP_KERNEL);
    ...

    if (!reply && !(tr->flags & TF_ONE_WAY))
      t->from = thread;
    else
      t->from = NULL; //进入该分支
    t->sender_euid = task_euid(proc->tsk);
    t->to_proc = target_proc;
    t->to_thread = target_thread;
    t->code = tr->code;
    t->flags = tr->flags;
    t->priority = task_nice(current);

    // 发起端进程分配buffer
    t->buffer = binder_alloc_buf(target_proc, tr->data_size,
      tr->offsets_size, !reply && (t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY));
    ...
    t->buffer->allow_user_free = 0;
    t->buffer->transaction = t;
    t->buffer->target_node = target_node;
    if (target_node)
      binder_inc_node(target_node, 1, 0, NULL);

    //分别拷贝用户空间的binder_transaction_data中ptr.buffer和ptr.offsets到内核
    copy_from_user(t->buffer->data,
       (const void __user *)(uintptr_t)tr->data.ptr.buffer, tr->data_size);
    copy_from_user(offp,
       (const void __user *)(uintptr_t)tr->data.ptr.offsets, tr->offsets_size);
    ...

    if (reply) {
      binder_pop_transaction(target_thread, in_reply_to);
    } else if (!(t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY)) {
      ...
    } else {
      ...
    }

    //将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION添加到目标队列，本次通信的目标队列为target_thread->todo
    t->work.type = BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION;
    list_add_tail(&t->work.entry, target_list);

    //将BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE添加到当前线程的todo队列
    tcomplete->type = BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE;
    list_add_tail(&tcomplete->entry, &thread->todo);

    //唤醒等待队列，本次通信的目标队列为target_thread->wait
    if (target_wait)
        wake_up_interruptible(target_wait);
    return;

binder_transaction -> binder_thread_read -> IPC.waitForResponse，收到BR_REPLY来回收buffer.

5.3 BR_REPLY

status_t IPCThreadState::waitForResponse(Parcel *reply, status_t *acquireResult)
{
    int32_t cmd;
    int32_t err;

    while (1) {
        if ((err=talkWithDriver()) < NO_ERROR) break; // 【见小节2.11】
        if (mIn.dataAvail() == 0) continue;
        ...
        cmd = mIn.readInt32();
        switch (cmd) {
          ...
          case BR_REPLY:
           {
               binder_transaction_data tr;
               err = mIn.read(&tr, sizeof(tr));
               if (err != NO_ERROR) goto finish;

               if (reply) {
                   ...
               } else {
                   // 释放buffer[见小节5.4]
                   freeBuffer(NULL,
                       reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(tr.data.ptr.buffer),
                       tr.data_size,
                       reinterpret_cast<const binder_size_t*>(tr.data.ptr.offsets),
                       tr.offsets_size/sizeof(binder_size_t), this);
                   continue;
               }
           }
           goto finish;
        default:
            err = executeCommand(cmd);
            ...
            break;
        }
    }
    ...
}

5.4 IPC.freeBuffer

void IPCThreadState::freeBuffer(Parcel* parcel, const uint8_t* data,
                                size_t /*dataSize*/,
                                const binder_size_t* /*objects*/,
                                size_t /*objectsSize*/, void* /*cookie*/)
{
    if (parcel != NULL) parcel->closeFileDescriptors();
    IPCThreadState* state = self();
    state->mOut.writeInt32(BC_FREE_BUFFER);
    state->mOut.writePointer((uintptr_t)data);
}

将BC_FREE_BUFFER写入mOut,再talkWithDriver()

5.5 BC_FREE_BUFFER

static int binder_thread_write(struct binder_proc *proc,
            struct binder_thread *thread,
            binder_uintptr_t binder_buffer, size_t size,
            binder_size_t *consumed)
{
    uint32_t cmd;
    void __user *buffer = (void __user *)(uintptr_t)binder_buffer;
    void __user *ptr = buffer + *consumed;
    void __user *end = buffer + size;
    while (ptr < end && thread->return_error == BR_OK) {
        //拷贝用户空间的cmd命令，此时为BC_FREE_BUFFER
        if (get_user(cmd, (uint32_t __user *)ptr)) -EFAULT;
        ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
        switch (cmd) {
        case BC_TRANSACTION:
        case BC_REPLY: ...
        case BC_FREE_BUFFER: {
            void __user *data_ptr;
            struct binder_buffer *buffer;

            if (get_user(data_ptr, (void * __user *)ptr)) return -EFAULT;
            ptr += sizeof(void *);

            buffer = binder_buffer_lookup(proc, data_ptr);
            ...

            if (buffer->transaction) {
                buffer->transaction->buffer = NULL;
                buffer->transaction = NULL;
            }
            // binder_buffer存在异步事务,且binder_node不为空
            if (buffer->async_transaction && buffer->target_node) {
                if (list_empty(&buffer->target_node->async_todo))
                    buffer->target_node->has_async_transaction = 0;
                else
                    //当异步队列async_todo也不为空,则事务追加到该线程todo队列.
                    list_move_tail(buffer->target_node->async_todo.next, &thread->todo);
            }

            binder_transaction_buffer_release(proc, buffer, NULL);
            binder_free_buf(proc, buffer);
            break;
        }
    }
    *consumed = ptr - buffer;
  }
  return 0;
}

接收端线程处理BC_FREE_BUFFER命令:

当binder_buffer存在异步事务,当异步队列async_todo也不为空,则事务追加到该线程todo队列.
释放当前的buffer.

5.6 binder_thread_read

binder_thread_read（）{
    ...
    while (1) {

        uint32_t cmd;
        struct binder_transaction_data tr;
        struct binder_work *w;
        struct binder_transaction *t = NULL;

        //从线程todo队列获取事务数据
        if (!list_empty(&thread->todo)) {
            w = list_first_entry(&thread->todo, struct binder_work, entry);
        } else if (!list_empty(&proc->todo) && wait_for_proc_work) {
            ...
        } else {
            ...
        }

        switch (w->type) {
            case BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION:
                //获取transaction数据
                t = container_of(w, struct binder_transaction, work);
                break;

            ...
        }

        ...
        if (t->buffer->target_node) {
            //获取目标node
            struct binder_node *target_node = t->buffer->target_node;
            tr.target.ptr = target_node->ptr;
            tr.cookie =  target_node->cookie;
            t->saved_priority = task_nice(current);
            ...
            cmd = BR_TRANSACTION;  //设置命令为BR_TRANSACTION
        } else {
            tr.target.ptr = NULL;
            tr.cookie = NULL;
            cmd = BR_REPLY; //设置命令为BR_REPLY
        }

        tr.code = t->code;
        tr.flags = t->flags;
        tr.sender_euid = t->sender_euid;

        ...
        //将cmd和数据写回用户空间
        if (put_user(cmd, (uint32_t __user *)ptr)) return -EFAULT;
        ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
        if (copy_to_user(ptr, &tr, sizeof(tr)))  return -EFAULT;
        ptr += sizeof(tr);

        list_del(&t->work.entry);
        t->buffer->allow_user_free = 1;
        if (cmd == BR_TRANSACTION && !(t->flags & TF_ONE_WAY)) {
            t->to_parent = thread->transaction_stack;
            t->to_thread = thread;
            thread->transaction_stack = t;
        } else {
            t->buffer->transaction = NULL;
            kfree(t); //通信完成,则运行释放
        }
        break;
    }

    ...
    return 0;
}

六. 总结

本文详细地介绍如何从AMP.startService是如何通过Binder一步步调用进入到system_server进程的AMS.startService. 整个过程涉及Java framework, native, kernel driver各个层面知识. 仅仅一个Binder IPC调用, 就花费了如此大篇幅来讲解, 可见系统之庞大. 整个过程的调用流程:

6.1 通信流程

从通信流程角度来看整个过程:

图解:

发起端线程向Binder Driver发起binder ioctl请求后, 便采用环不断talkWithDriver,此时该线程处于阻塞状态, 直到收到如下BR_XXX命令才会结束该过程.
- BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE: oneway模式下,收到该命令则退出
- BR_REPLY: 非oneway模式下,收到该命令才退出;
- BR_DEAD_REPLY: 目标进程/线程/binder实体为空, 以及释放正在等待reply的binder thread或者binder buffer;
- BR_FAILED_REPLY: 情况较多,比如非法handle, 错误事务栈, security, 内存不足, buffer不足, 数据拷贝失败, 节点创建失败, 各种不匹配等问题
- BR_ACQUIRE_RESULT: 目前未使用的协议;
左图中waitForResponse收到BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE,则直接退出循环, 则没有机会执行executeCommand()方法, 故将其颜色画为灰色. 除以上5种BR_XXX命令, 当收到其他BR命令,则都会执行executeCommand过程.
目标Binder线程创建后, 便进入joinThreadPool()方法, 采用循环不断地循环执行getAndExecuteCommand()方法, 当bwr的读写buffer都没有数据时,则阻塞在binder_thread_read的wait_event过程. 另外,正常情况下binder线程一旦创建则不会退出.

6.2 通信协议

从通信协议的角度来看这个过程:

Binder客户端或者服务端向Binder Driver发送的命令都是以BC_开头,例如本文的BC_TRANSACTION和BC_REPLY, 所有Binder Driver向Binder客户端或者服务端发送的命令则都是以BR_开头, 例如本文中的BR_TRANSACTION和BR_REPLY.
只有当BC_TRANSACTION或者BC_REPLY时, 才调用binder_transaction()来处理事务. 并且都会回应调用者一个BINDER_WORK_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE事务, 经过binder_thread_read()会转变成BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE.
startService过程便是一个非oneway的过程, 那么oneway的通信过程如下所述.

6.3 说一说oneway

上图是非oneway通信过程的协议图, 下图则是对于oneway场景下的通信协议图:

当收到BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE则程序返回,有人可能觉得好奇,为何oneway怎么还要等待回应消息? 我举个例子,你就明白了.

你(app进程)要给远方的家人(system_server进程)邮寄一封信(transaction), 你需要通过邮寄员(Binder Driver)来完成.整个过程如下:

你把信交给邮寄员(BC_TRANSACTION);
邮寄员收到信后, 填一张单子给你作为一份回执(BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE). 这样你才放心知道邮递员已确定接收信, 否则就这样走了,信到底有没有交到邮递员手里都不知道,这样的通信实在太让人不省心, 长时间收不到远方家人的回信, 无法得知是在路的中途信件丢失呢,还是压根就没有交到邮递员的手里. 所以说oneway也得知道信是投递状态是否成功.
邮递员利用交通工具(Binder Driver),将信交给了你的家人(BR_TRANSACTION);

当你收到回执(BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE)时心里也不期待家人回信, 那么这便是一次oneway的通信过程.

如果你希望家人回信, 那便是非oneway的过程,在上述步骤2后并不是直接返回,而是继续等待着收到家人的回信, 经历前3个步骤之后继续执行:

家人收到信后, 立马写了个回信交给邮递员BC_REPLY;
同样,邮递员要写一个回执(BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE)给你家人;
邮递员再次利用交通工具(Binder Driver), 将回信成功交到你的手上(BR_REPLY)

这便是一次完成的非oneway通信过程.

oneway与非oneway: 都是需要等待Binder Driver的回应消息BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE. 主要区别在于oneway的通信收到BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE则返回,而不会再等待BR_REPLY消息的到来. 另外，oneway的binder IPC则接收端无法获取对方的pid.

6.4 小规律

BC_TRANSACTION + BC_REPLY = BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE + BR_DEAD_REPLY + BR_FAILED_REPLY
Binder线程只有当本线程的thread->todo队列为空，并且thread->transaction_stack也为空，才会去处理当前进程的事务，否则会继续处理或等待当前线程的todo队列事务。换句话说，就是只有当前线程的事务;
binder_thread_write: 添加成员到todo队列;
binder_thread_read: 消耗todo队列;
对于处于空闲可用的,或者Ready的binder线程是指停在binder_thread_read()的wait_event地方的Binder线程;
每一次BR_TRANSACTION或者BR_REPLY结束之后都会调用freeBuffer().
ProcessState.mHandleToObject记录着handle与对应的BpBinder信息。

整个过程copy once便是指binder_transaction()过程把binder_transaction_data->data拷贝到目标进程的buffer。

6.5 数据流

[2.1]AMP.startService：组装flat_binder_object对象等组成的Parcel data；
[2.9]IPC.writeTransactionData：组装BC_TRANSACTION和binder_transaction_data结构体，写入mOut;
[2.11]IPC.talkWithDriver: 组装BINDER_WRITE_READ和binder_write_read结构体，通过ioctl传输到驱动层。

进入驱动后

[3.3]binder_thread_write: 处理binder_write_read.write_buffer数据
[3.4]binder_transaction: 处理write_buffer.binder_transaction_data数据；
- 创建binder_transaction结构体，记录事务通信的线程来源以及事务链条等相关信息；
- 分配binder_buffer结构体，拷贝当前线程binder_transaction_data的data数据到binder_buffer->data；
[3.5]binder_thread_read: 处理binder_transaction结构体数据
- 组装cmd=BR_TRANSACTION和binder_transaction_data结构体，写入binder_write_read.read_buffer数据

回到用户空间

[4.3]IPC.executeCommand：处理BR_TRANSACTION命令, 将binder_transaction_data数据解析成BBinder.transact()所需的参数
[4.7] AMN.onTransact: 层层回调，进入该方法，反序列化数据后，调用startService()方法。

彻底理解Android Binder通信架构

码农公寓

一. 引言

1.1 Binder架构的思考

1.2 分析起点

1.3 Binder IPC原理

二. 通信过程

2.1 AMP.startService

2.2 Parcel.obtain

2.2.1 new Parcel

2.2.2 android_os_Parcel_create

2.2.3 Parcel.recycle

2.3 writeString

2.3.1 nativeWriteString

2.3.2 writeString16

2.4 mRemote究竟为何物

2.4.1 AMN.getDefault

2.4.2 gDefault.get

2.4.3 gDefault.create

2.4.4 AMN.asInterface

2.4.5 queryLocalInterface

2.4.6 创建AMP

2.5 mRemote.transact

2.6 android_os_BinderProxy_transact

2.7 BpBinder.transact

2.8 IPC.transact

2.9 IPC.writeTransactionData

2.10 IPC.waitForResponse

2.11 IPC.talkWithDriver

2.12 IPC.executeCommand

三、Binder driver

3.1 binder_ioctl

3.2 binder_ioctl_write_read

3.3 binder_thread_write

3.4 binder_transaction

3.4.1 binder_alloc_buf

3.5 binder_thread_read

3.6 下一步何去何从

四. 回到用户空间

4.1 IPC.joinThreadPool

4.2 IPC.getAndExecuteCommand

4.3 IPC.executeCommand

4.3.1 ipcSetDataReference

4.3.2 freeDataNoInit

4.3.3 releaseObjects

4.3.4 release_object

4.3.5 ~Parcel

4.3.6 freeBuffer

4.4 BBinder.transact

4.5 JavaBBinder.onTransact

4.6 Binder.execTransact

4.7 AMN.onTransact

4.8 AMS.startService

五. Reply流程

5.1 IPC.sendReply

5.2 BC_REPLY

5.3 BR_REPLY

5.4 IPC.freeBuffer

5.5 BC_FREE_BUFFER

5.6 binder_thread_read

六. 总结

6.1 通信流程

6.2 通信协议

6.3 说一说oneway

6.4 小规律

6.5 数据流

相关文章