1     vector<int> preorderTraversal(TreeNode* root) {
 2          vector<int> nodes;
 3          stack<TreeNode*> toVisit;
 4          TreeNode* curNode = root;
 5          while (curNode || !toVisit.empty()) {
 6              if (curNode) {
 7                  nodes.push_back(curNode -> val);
 8                  if (curNode -> right) toVisit.push(curNode -> right);
 9                  curNode = curNode -> left;
10              }
11              else {
12                  curNode = toVisit.top();
13                  toVisit.pop();
14              }
15          }
16          return nodes;
17     }

 1 void preorder(TreeNode* root, vector<int>& nodes) {
 2     if (!root) return;
 3     nodes.push_back(root -> val);
 4     preorder(root -> left, nodes);
 5     preorder(root -> right, nodes);
 6 } 
 7 vector<int> preorderTraversal(TreeNode* root) {
 8     vector<int> nodes;
 9     preorder(root, nodes);
10     return nodes;
11 } 

 1 vector<int> preorderTraversal(TreeNode* root) {
 2     TreeNode* curNode = root;
 3     vector<int> nodes;
 4     while (curNode) {
 5         if (curNode -> left) {
 6             TreeNode* predecessor = curNode -> left;
 7             while (predecessor -> right && predecessor -> right != curNode)
 8                 predecessor = predecessor -> right;
 9             if (!(predecessor -> right)) {
10                 nodes.push_back(curNode -> val);
11                 predecessor -> right = curNode;
12                 curNode = curNode -> left;
13             }
14             else {
15                 predecessor -> right = NULL;
16                 curNode = curNode -> right;
17             }
18         }
19         else {
20             nodes.push_back(curNode -> val);
21             curNode = curNode -> right;
22         }
23     }
24     return nodes;
25 }