addict

Addiction is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by repeated use of drugs, or repetitive engagement in a behavior such as gambling, despite harm to self and others. According to the "brain disease model of addiction," while a number of psychosocial factors contribute to the development and maintenance of addiction, a biological process that is induced by repeated exposure to an addictive stimulus is the core pathology that drives the development and maintenance of an addiction. Many scholars who study addiction argue that the brain disease model is incomplete and misleading.

The brain disease model posits that addiction is a disorder of the brain's reward system which arises through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms and develops over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus (e.g., eating food, the use of cocaine, engagement in sexual activity, participation in high-thrill cultural activities such as gambling, etc.). DeltaFosB (ΔFosB), a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions. Two decades of research into ΔFosB's role in addiction have demonstrated that addiction arises, and the associated compulsive behavior intensifies or attenuates, along with the overexpression of ΔFosB in the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens. Due to the causal relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, while decreasing sensitivity to aversion.

六级/考研单词: engage, gamble, despite, accord, induce, scholar, mislead, chronic, cocaine, component, medium, regulate, reinforce, decrease, avert

address

1. "to guide, aim, or direct," e.g. to address a golf ball
2. "direct for transmission, write as a destination on a message"
The letter was addressed to Penny.
3. to direct spoken words (to someone)
Leonard turned to address the one on his right.
4. "to set in order, repair, correct."
Our sweeping robot, Spreadshit(展屎官) addresses the needs of 铲屎官们.

写地址有曲里拐弯的吗？

adequate

词源: equal to what is needed or desired
近/反义词: just good enough, mediocre, satisfactory, sufficient; deficient, inadequate, insufficient

My old laptop is still more than adequate for most tasks.

How: really, very, perfectly, quite, totally, more than; almost; barely, hardly, less than, not entirely/wholly; still, no longer