本文节选自霍格沃兹测试学院内部教材

Protocol Buffers 是谷歌开源的序列化与反序列化框架。它与语言无关、平台无关、具有可扩展的机制。用于序列化结构化数据，此工具对标 XML
，支持自动编码，解码。比 XML 性能好，且数据易于解析。更多有关工具的介绍可参考官网。

Protocol Buffers官网：https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers

Protocol Buffers 为跨平台设计，以 Python 为例，使用者配置 .proto 文件，利用 Protocol Buffers
工具即可生成 Python 代码，此代码就是使用者想要的数据结构。

如果编程语言换成了 Java ，使用者可使用相同的 .proto 文件，利用 Protocol Buffers 工具生成 Java
代码，此代码可被 Java 进行解析。

这么做的好处是可以跨语言交流，试想 Java 与 Python 间的数据通信，只需要利用 .proto
确定格式，就可随心编程，这个过程惬意无比。基于 Protocol Buffers 的测试也无比舒服。

你可选择自己的语言进行测试，比如 Python 。由于数据格式基于 .proto 配置文件，获取到这个文件即可生成数据类，比如下述
.proto 内容通过 protoc --python_out=./ ./addressbook.proto 命令即可生成
addressbook_pb2.py 文件：

---

syntax = "proto2";  
package tutorial;  
message Person {  optional string name = 1;  optional int32 id = 2;  optional string email = 3;  
  enum PhoneType {    MOBILE = 0;    HOME = 1;    WORK = 2;  }  
  message PhoneNumber {    optional string number = 1;    optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];  }  
  repeated PhoneNumber phones = 4;}  
message AddressBook {  repeated Person people = 1;}

测试人员的代码只需导入 addressbook_pb2 ，对其初始化后即可使用，比如对 Person 的字段加入一些测试值：

---

import addressbook_pb2person = addressbook_pb2.Person()person.id = 1234person.name = "John Doe"person.email = "jdoe@example.com"phone = person.phones.add()phone.number = "555-4321"phone.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.HOME

最后，将 person 序列化后即可传输到被测对象。如果你的业务采用文件进行数据传输，可参考官方写文件的例子（采用 python2 ）：

---

#! /usr/bin/python  
import addressbook_pb2import sys  
# This function fills in a Person message based on user input.def PromptForAddress(person):  person.id = int(raw_input("Enter person ID number: "))  person.name = raw_input("Enter name: ")  
  email = raw_input("Enter email address (blank for none): ")  if email != "":    person.email = email  
  while True:    number = raw_input("Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ")    if number == "":      break  
    phone_number = person.phones.add()    phone_number.number = number  
    type = raw_input("Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ")    if type == "mobile":      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.MOBILE    elif type == "home":      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.HOME    elif type == "work":      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.WORK    else:      print "Unknown phone type; leaving as default value."  
# Main procedure:  Reads the entire address book from a file,#   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same#   file.if len(sys.argv) != 2:  print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"  sys.exit(-1)  
address_book = addressbook_pb2.AddressBook()  
# Read the existing address book.try:  f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")  address_book.ParseFromString(f.read())  f.close()except IOError:  print sys.argv[1] + ": Could not open file.  Creating a new one."  
# Add an address.PromptForAddress(address_book.people.add())  
# Write the new address book back to disk.f = open(sys.argv[1], "wb")f.write(address_book.SerializeToString())f.close()

也可从被测对象传来的文件中读数据：

---

#! /usr/bin/python  
import addressbook_pb2import sys  
# Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.def ListPeople(address_book):  for person in address_book.people:    print "Person ID:", person.id    print "  Name:", person.name    if person.HasField('email'):      print "  E-mail address:", person.email  
    for phone_number in person.phones:      if phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.MOBILE:        print "  Mobile phone #: ",      elif phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.HOME:        print "  Home phone #: ",      elif phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.WORK:        print "  Work phone #: ",      print phone_number.number  
# Main procedure:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all#   the information inside.if len(sys.argv) != 2:  print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"  sys.exit(-1)  
address_book = addressbook_pb2.AddressBook()  
# Read the existing address book.f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")address_book.ParseFromString(f.read())f.close()  
ListPeople(address_book)

如果数据通过 https 传输，可采用 requests
，其它传输方式同理，请自行查阅数据传输工具。如果测试人员代码与被测对象建立了联系，即可收发测试数据，测试人员对接收到的数据编写测试用例即可。

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