/**
     * Returns an <code>Integer</code> object holding the
     * value of the specified <code>String</code>. The argument is
     * interpreted as representing a signed decimal integer, exactly
     * as if the argument were given to the {@link
     * #parseInt(java.lang.String)} method. The result is an
     * <code>Integer</code> object that represents the integer value
     * specified by the string.
     * <p>
     * In other words, this method returns an <code>Integer</code>
     * object equal to the value of:
     *
     * <blockquote><code>
     * new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s))
     * </code></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      s   the string to be parsed.
     * @return     an <code>Integer</code> object holding the value
     *             represented by the string argument.
     * @exception  NumberFormatException  if the string cannot be parsed 
     *             as an integer.
     */
    public static Integer valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException
    {
    return new Integer(parseInt(s, 10));
    }

    /**
     * Parses the string argument as a signed integer in the radix 
     * specified by the second argument. The characters in the string 
     * must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by 
     * whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char, int)} returns a 
     * nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an 
     * ASCII minus sign <code>'-'</code> (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to 
     * indicate a negative value. The resulting integer value is returned. 
     * <p>
     * An exception of type <code>NumberFormatException</code> is
     * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The first argument is <code>null</code> or is a string of
     * length zero.
     * <li>The radix is either smaller than 
     * {@link java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or
     * larger than {@link java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}. 
     * <li>Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
     * radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign
     * <code>'-'</code> (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) provided that the
     * string is longer than length 1.
     * <li>The value represented by the string is not a value of type
     * <code>int</code>. 
     * </ul><p>
     * Examples:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * parseInt("0", 10) returns 0
     * parseInt("473", 10) returns 473
     * parseInt("-0", 10) returns 0
     * parseInt("-FF", 16) returns -255
     * parseInt("1100110", 2) returns 102
     * parseInt("2147483647", 10) returns 2147483647
     * parseInt("-2147483648", 10) returns -2147483648
     * parseInt("2147483648", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
     * parseInt("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException
     * parseInt("Kona", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
     * parseInt("Kona", 27) returns 411787
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      s   the <code>String</code> containing the integer 
     *             representation to be parsed
     * @param      radix   the radix to be used while parsing <code>s</code>.
     * @return     the integer represented by the string argument in the
     *             specified radix.
     * @exception  NumberFormatException if the <code>String</code>
     *            does not contain a parsable <code>int</code>.
     */
    public static int parseInt(String s, int radix)
        throws NumberFormatException
    {
        if (s == null) {
            throw new NumberFormatException("null");
        }

    if (radix < Character.MIN_RADIX) {
        throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
                        " less than Character.MIN_RADIX");
    }

    if (radix > Character.MAX_RADIX) {
        throw new NumberFormatException("radix " + radix +
                        " greater than Character.MAX_RADIX");
    }

    int result = 0;
    boolean negative = false;
    int i = 0, max = s.length();
    int limit;
    int multmin;
    int digit;

    if (max > 0) {
        if (s.charAt(0) == '-') {
        negative = true;
        limit = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
        i++;
        } else {
        limit = -Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        multmin = limit / radix;
        if (i < max) {
        digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++),radix);
        if (digit < 0) {
            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
        } else {
            result = -digit;
        }
        }
        while (i < max) {
        // Accumulating negatively avoids surprises near MAX_VALUE
        digit = Character.digit(s.charAt(i++),radix);
        if (digit < 0) {
            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
        }
        if (result < multmin) {
            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
        }
        result *= radix;
        if (result < limit + digit) {
            throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
        }
        result -= digit;
        }
    } else {
        throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
    }
    if (negative) {
        if (i > 1) {
        return result;
        } else {    /* Only got "-" */
        throw NumberFormatException.forInputString(s);
        }
    } else {
        return -result;
    }
    }

    /**
     * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal integer. The 
     * characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except that 
     * the first character may be an ASCII minus sign <code>'-'</code> 
     * (<code>'&#92;u002D'</code>) to indicate a negative value. The resulting 
     * integer value is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 
     * 10 were given as arguments to the 
     * {@link #parseInt(java.lang.String, int)} method.
     *
     * @param s       a <code>String</code> containing the <code>int</code>
     *             representation to be parsed
     * @return     the integer value represented by the argument in decimal.
     * @exception  NumberFormatException  if the string does not contain a
     *               parsable integer.
     */
    public static int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
    return parseInt(s,10);
    }