python基础4

python基础4


高阶函数

一个函数就可以接收另一个函数作为参数,这种函数就称之为高阶函数

 

sorted函数

排序也是在程序中经常用到的算法。 无论使用冒泡排序还是快速排序,排序的核心是比较两个元素的大小。通常规定如下,实现从小到大的排序:

x < y, return -1

x == y, return 0

x > y, return 1

 

 

In [1]: t = (12,34,1,24,37)

 

In [2]: sorted(t)

Out[2]: [1, 12, 24, 34, 37]

 

In [4]: def reversed_cmp(x,y):###想要实现倒序,则需定义一个函数###

   ...:     if x>y :

   ...:         return -1

   ...:     elif x<y:

   ...:         return 1

   ...:     else:

   ...:         return 0

   ...:

 

In [5]: sorted(t,reversed_cmp)

Out[5]: [37, 34, 24, 12, 1]

 

In [6]: li = ['westos','redhat','linux']

 

In [7]: sorted(li)

Out[7]: ['linux', 'redhat', 'westos']###按字母的

 

In [8]: li = ['linux','Redhat','westos']

 

In [9]: sorted(li)

Out[9]: ['Redhat', 'linux', 'westos']

 

In [10]: li = ['linux','Redhat','westos','redhat']

 

In [11]: sorted(li)

Out[11]: ['Redhat', 'linux', 'redhat', 'westos']

 

 

In [13]: def ignore_case_cmp(x,y):###既有大写,又有小写时,定义一个函数,忽略大小写####

 

   ....:     lower1 = x.lower()

   ....:     lower2 = y.lower()

   ....:     if lower1 < lower2 :

   ....:         return -1

   ....:     elif lower1 > lower2:

   ....:         return 1

   ....:     else:

   ....:         return 0

   ....:

 

In [14]: sorted(li,ignore_case_cmp)

Out[14]: ['linux', 'Redhat', 'redhat', 'westos']

 

 

 

#函数作为返回值()

 

def wrap_sum(*args):

    def my_sum():

        sum_num = 0

        for i in args:

            if not isinstance(i,(int,float)):

                print "Error Type"

            sum_num = sum_num +i

        return sum_num###返回的函数名不加括号,就返回该函数的地址###

    return my_sum

f = wrap_sum(1,2,3,6)

#print f

print f()###要想调该函数的值,则需要加括号####

f1 = wrap_sum(1,2,3,6)###传递的参数一样,但是函数地址是不一样的,每次调用都是调用一个新函数####

print f1

f2 = wrap_sum(1,2,3,6)

print f2

 

 

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

12

<function my_sum at 0x8f0a28>

<function my_sum at 0x8f0aa0>

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

 

 

 

def count():

    fs = []

    for i in range(1,4):

        def  f():

            return i*i

        fs.append(f)###将f的地址加入列表fs###

    return fs###返回的是三个地址###

f1,f2,f3 = count()###调用count()函数,即将返回的三个地址分别给了f1,f2,f3###

print f1()

print f2()

print f3()

 

###但是执行结果均为9###

 

 

改进:

def count():

    fs = []

    for i in range(1,4):

        def f(j):

            def g():

                return j*j

            return g

        fs.append(f(i))

    return fs

f1,f2,f3 = count()

print f1()

print f2()

print f3()

 

 

执行结果:

1

4

9

 

 

 

 

####匿名函数###

当我们在传入函数时,有些时候,不需要显式地定义函数,直接传入匿名函数更方便。

关键字 lambda 表示匿名函数,冒号前面的 x 表示函数参数,冒号后表示要返回的值

 

 

1 匿名函数不需要函数名,可以避免函数名的冲突

2 匿名函数可以跳过给函数分配栈空间

def pow1(x):

    return x*x

print map(pow1,range(1,11))

print map(lambda x:x*x,range(1,11))

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

 

3 匿名函数可以赋值给一个变量,需要运行时,变量名()

print lambda :1###打印了匿名函数的地址###

f = lambda :1###将地址赋值给变量##

print f()###运行结果###

 

 

 

执行结果:

<function <lambda> at 0x13059b0>

1

 

 

###匿名函数传递必选参数和默认参数###

 

f = lambda x,y=2:x**y

print f(2,3)

print f(2)

 

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

8

4

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

###匿名函数传递可变参数###

 

f = lambda *x:map(lambda x:x*x,x)

print f(1,2,3,4)

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

[1, 4, 9, 16]

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

 

###匿名函数传递关键字参数###

f = lambda **kwargs:kwargs.items()

print f(name="fentiao",age=5)

 

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

[('age', 5), ('name', 'fentiao')]

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

练习:利用匿名函数和字典重新编辑计算器的代码

 

x =input("num1:")

oper = raw_input("oper:")

y = input("num2:")

d ={

    "+":lambda x,y:x+y,

    "-":lambda x,y:x-y,

    "*":lambda x,y:x*y,

    "/":lambda x,y:x/y

}

if oper not in d.keys():

    print "Error"

print d[oper](x,y)

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

num1:3

oper:+

num2:4

7

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

 

 

In [2]: print 1 if 1>2 else 2###判断1是否大与2,若大与则返回1,小与则返回2

2

 

 

 

 

####装饰器####

 

用来装饰函数的函数

 

1 不修改函数的源代码

2 函数的调用方式没有改变

 

###准备###

def hello():

    print "hello..."

    hello1()

def hello1():

    print "hello1..."

hello()

 

 

####计算程序执行时间###

import time###导入模块###

def timmer(func):

    start_time = time.time()

    func()

    stop_time = time.time()

    return stop_time-start_time

def hello2():

    print "hello2..."

    time.sleep(2)###停2s###

print timmer(hello2)

 

 

 

###不改变调用方式###

import time

def timmer(func):

    def dec():

        start_time = time.time()

        func()

        stop_time = time.time()

        return stop_time-start_time

    return dec

def hello2():

    print "hello2..."

    time.sleep(2)

hello2=timmer(hello2)

hello2()

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

hello2...

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

###装饰器###

 

import time

def timmer(func):

    def dec():

        start_time = time.time()

        func()

        stop_time = time.time()

        return stop_time-start_time

    return dec

@timmer     ###相当于hello2=timmer(hello2),语法糖###

def hello2():

    print "hello2..."

    time.sleep(2)

print hello2()

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

hello2...

2.00218486786

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

 

 

###写一个装饰器实现hello2()函数的日志,日志内容为hello()的内容以及执行时间###

import time

def timmer(func):

    def dec():

        start_time = time.time()

        func()

        stop_time = time.time()

        return "%s run %f s"%(func.__name__,stop_time-start_time)

    return dec

@timmer     ###hello2=timmer(hello2),语法糖

def hello2():

    print "hello2..."

    time.sleep(2)

print hello2()

 

 

 

执行结果:

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/15.py

hello2...

hello2 run 2.002128 s

 

Process finished with exit code 0

 

 

 

###对文件进行操作###

 

 

f = open("hello")###打开文件###

print f.read()###读文件###

f.close()###关闭文件###

f = open("hello",'w')###以写方式打开,此时不能进行读操作###

f.write("python")###会将文件内容覆盖为”python“

 

f.close()###关闭文件###

 

 

 

执行结果:

 

 

 

其他的几种模式:

 

r:可以读取文件内容,不可以写入,如果文件不存在则报错

 

In [4]: f = open("/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/pythonbasic/hello","r")

 

In [5]: f.read()

Out[5]: 'python'

 

In [6]: f.write

f.write       f.writelines  

 

In [6]: f.write("linux")###不可以写入###

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IOError                                   Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-6-18e05364d061> in <module>()

----> 1 f.write("linux")

 

IOError: File not open for writing

 

In [7]: f.write("linux")

 

 

r+:读写模式,依次覆盖源文件内容,写多少覆盖多少,如果文件不存在则报错

 

In [1]: f = open("hello","r+")

 

In [2]: f.read()

Out[2]: 'python'

 

In [3]: f.close()

 

In [4]: f = open("hello","r+")

 

In [5]: f.write("westos")

 

In [6]: f.read()###此时读的是在覆盖后的下一个位置,因此要想读取该文件,则需要先关闭文件,再打开###

Out[6]: ''

 

In [7]: f.close()

 

In [9]: f = open("hello","r+")

In [10]: f.read()

Out[10]: 'westos'

 

 

w:可以写入文件内容,不可以读取,如果文件不存在则创建

 

In [12]: f = open("lllll","w")

 

[kiosk@foundation38 pythonbasic]$ ls

10.py  12.py  14.py  1.py  3.py  5.py  7.py  9.py               hello  stack.py

11.py  13.py  15.py  2.py  4.py  6.py  8.py  file_operation.py  lllll  

 

w+:可读写,打开文件使直接删除源文件内容,如果文件不存在则创建

In [13]: f = open('hello','w+')  

 

In [14]: f.read()

Out[14]: ''

In [17]: f.write("world")

 

In [18]: f.read()

Out[18]: ''

 

In [19]: f.close()

 

In [20]: f = open('hello')

 

In [21]: f.read()

Out[21]: 'world'

 

 

 

 

a:写入,文件末尾追加,不可以读,文件不存在则创建

 

In [22]: f = open('hello','a')

 

In [23]: f.write("hello,hello")

 

 

In [25]: f.close()

 

In [27]: f = open('hello')

 

In [28]: f.read()

Out[28]: 'worldhello,hello'

 

a+:读写,文件追加,文件不存在则创建

 

 

 

###指定读取几个字节###

In [36]: f = open("hello")

 

In [37]: f.read(4)###读取4个字节###

Out[37]: 'worl'

 

 

 

 

###一行一行的读取###

In [40]: f = open("hello")

 

In [41]: f.readlin

f.readline   f.readlines  

 

In [41]: f.readline()

Out[41]: 'worldhello,hello'

 

In [42]: f.readline()

Out[42]: ''

 











本文转自blueclo51CTO博客,原文链接:http://blog.51cto.com/12774272/1947895 ,如需转载请自行联系原作者



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