该笔记为斯坦福大学Kristin教授为其校内研究生及学者提供的具有CME学分的高品质课程《Writing in the Sciences》的个人学习记录,希望可以相互学习,共同进步。
文章目录
【图示版】总结可直接看图
【文字版】
2.1 use the active voice
1. 什么是主动语态? what is active voice?
- 主动语态顺序:agent+verb+recipient
- 被动语态顺序:recipient+verb+agent
- 被动语态不是常见的说话语态,也可以完全放弃agent(主语),即放弃责任的方式。
2. 如何识别被动语态? Recognizing a passive voice.
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passive verb = a form of the verb "to be "+ the past participle of the main verb
被动动词 = 动词形式(to be)+过去的主动词(及物动词)- “to be”verb:通常为am, is, are, was, were, be, been,也可以是coule be /shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be/ may be/ might be/ must be/ has been等等
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examples : passive voice
- Note 1. 识别已变成被动语态的句子,然后转换成主动语态
- Note 2. 转变时态,谁对谁做了什么?即行动是谁做的
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Practice:use the active voice
- Note 1. Emphasizes author respponsibility. 强调作者责任,强调作者的作用
- Note 2. Improves readability. 提高可读性.
- Note 3. Reduces ambiguity. 减少歧义.
- Note 4. 不能一直使用主动语态,可交替使用,但被动语态的使用要慎重
- Note 5. 被动语态强调事情的完成部分,可在method部分使用
- Note 6. 在introduction,discussion,result部分尽量使用主动语态
2.2 It is really ok to use we and i
主动时态表达更为生动,更易阅读,而其无法避免大量的we和i的使用
避免人称代词并不能够使得科学更客观
- Passive Voice V.S. Active Voice: “After all, human agents are responsible for designing experiments, and they are present in the laboratory; writing awkard phrases to avoid admitting their responsibility and their presence is an odd way of being object.” ——Jane J.Robinson, Science 7 June 1957:1160
作者需对研究内容承担公共责任,而we和i的使用是最好的表达
Journals want this ! 杂志社要求用we和i, 如Science等
we wish to suggest, we believe, we wish to put forward; even though <-- in spite of the fact that
2.3 Active voice practice
2.4 Write the verbs
Note
- 用强动词
- 避免把动词变成名词
- 避免隐藏主动词
Use strong verbs,强动词的使用,使句子更加通顺、生动,富有吸引力
- 可能在论文中用不到很多生动的词,但可以做到更好一些,比如 to be verb, provide, and show显得无聊
- 尽量避免使用副词,第一个方法是选择正确的动词,即带有副词意思的动词,第二个就是找同义词库
如用estimate替代 approximately report - 用更刺激、更强劲的强动词替换be动词
Don’t turn verbs into nouns.
- 核心要点:谁对谁做了什么,把事情放到主动语态中,用动词强迫你这样做
- Obtain estimate of --> estimate
Has seen an expansion in --> has expanded
proviedes a methodologic emphasis --> emphasizes methodology
take an assessment of --> assess
provide a review of --> review
offer confirmation of --> confirm
make a decision --> decide
shows a peak --> peaks
provide a description of --> describe
Don’t bury the main verb
- 核心要点:确保主动词(谓语)靠近主语,即在句首附近
2.5 practice examples
2.6 A few grammer tips
1. Word “Data” is plural. “Data are” not “Data is”
- Data是复数,the data are, these data show, the data support
2. Affect V.S effect
- affect是动词,effect是名词形式
- 特殊情况下,存在二者为动词或名词情况
3. compared to v.s compared with
- compared to = to point out similarities
通常用来指出不同事物之间的相似性(论文中不常见),用来做隐喻 - compared with = to point out differences between similar things
通常用来指出相似事物之间的区别(论文中常见)
4. that V.S which
- 两者是必要和非必要的区别,that删除后会对句子的意思造成影响,而which删除后不会对句子意思产生影响
- that可以指代许多同样的对象,而which仅仅特指一个对象
5. 主语是单数时,不要使用“they”或“their”
- 为了避免这个问题,将主语和代词变成复数