【SCI论文写作】笔记二:Writing in the Sciences -Unit2

该笔记为斯坦福大学Kristin教授为其校内研究生及学者提供的具有CME学分的高品质课程《Writing in the Sciences》的个人学习记录,希望可以相互学习,共同进步。


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【SCI论文写作】笔记二:Writing in the Sciences -Unit2


【文字版】

2.1 use the active voice

1. 什么是主动语态? what is active voice?

  • 主动语态顺序:agent+verb+recipient
  • 被动语态顺序:recipient+verb+agent
  • 被动语态不是常见的说话语态,也可以完全放弃agent(主语),即放弃责任的方式。

2. 如何识别被动语态? Recognizing a passive voice.

  • passive verb = a form of the verb "to be "+ the past participle of the main verb
    被动动词 = 动词形式(to be)+过去的主动词(及物动词)

    • “to be”verb:通常为am, is, are, was, were, be, been,也可以是coule be /shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be/ may be/ might be/ must be/ has been等等
  • examples : passive voice

    • Note 1. 识别已变成被动语态的句子,然后转换成主动语态
    • Note 2. 转变时态,谁对谁做了什么?即行动是谁做的
  • Practice:use the active voice

    • Note 1. Emphasizes author respponsibility. 强调作者责任,强调作者的作用
    • Note 2. Improves readability. 提高可读性.
    • Note 3. Reduces ambiguity. 减少歧义.
    • Note 4. 不能一直使用主动语态,可交替使用,但被动语态的使用要慎重
    • Note 5. 被动语态强调事情的完成部分,可在method部分使用
    • Note 6. 在introduction,discussion,result部分尽量使用主动语态

2.2 It is really ok to use we and i

主动时态表达更为生动,更易阅读,而其无法避免大量的we和i的使用

避免人称代词并不能够使得科学更客观

  • Passive Voice V.S. Active Voice: “After all, human agents are responsible for designing experiments, and they are present in the laboratory; writing awkard phrases to avoid admitting their responsibility and their presence is an odd way of being object.” ——Jane J.Robinson, Science 7 June 1957:1160

作者需对研究内容承担公共责任,而we和i的使用是最好的表达

Journals want this ! 杂志社要求用we和i, 如Science等

we wish to suggest, we believe, we wish to put forward; even though <-- in spite of the fact that

2.3 Active voice practice

2.4 Write the verbs

Note

  • 用强动词
  • 避免把动词变成名词
  • 避免隐藏主动词

Use strong verbs,强动词的使用,使句子更加通顺、生动,富有吸引力

  • 可能在论文中用不到很多生动的词,但可以做到更好一些,比如 to be verb, provide, and show显得无聊
  • 尽量避免使用副词,第一个方法是选择正确的动词,即带有副词意思的动词,第二个就是找同义词库
    如用estimate替代 approximately report
  • 用更刺激、更强劲的强动词替换be动词

Don’t turn verbs into nouns.

  • 核心要点:谁对谁做了什么,把事情放到主动语态中,用动词强迫你这样做
  • Obtain estimate of --> estimate
    Has seen an expansion in --> has expanded
    proviedes a methodologic emphasis --> emphasizes methodology
    take an assessment of --> assess
    provide a review of --> review
    offer confirmation of --> confirm
    make a decision --> decide
    shows a peak --> peaks
    provide a description of --> describe

Don’t bury the main verb

  • 核心要点:确保主动词(谓语)靠近主语,即在句首附近

2.5 practice examples

2.6 A few grammer tips

1. Word “Data” is plural. “Data are” not “Data is”

  • Data是复数,the data are, these data show, the data support

2. Affect V.S effect

  • affect是动词,effect是名词形式
  • 特殊情况下,存在二者为动词或名词情况

3. compared to v.s compared with

  • compared to = to point out similarities
    通常用来指出不同事物之间的相似性(论文中不常见),用来做隐喻
  • compared with = to point out differences between similar things
    通常用来指出相似事物之间的区别(论文中常见)

4. that V.S which

  • 两者是必要和非必要的区别,that删除后会对句子的意思造成影响,而which删除后不会对句子意思产生影响
  • that可以指代许多同样的对象,而which仅仅特指一个对象

5. 主语是单数时,不要使用“they”或“their”

  • 为了避免这个问题,将主语和代词变成复数

2.7 Demo Edit 2

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