MS SQL监控数据库的DDL操作

2021-08-17 22:38:14

    前言： 有时候，一个数据库有多个帐号，包括数据库管理员，开发人员，运维支撑人员等，可能有很多帐号都有比较大的权限，例如DDL操作权限(创建，修改，删除存储过程，创建，修改，删除表等），账户多了，管理起来就会相当麻烦，容易产生混乱，如果数据库管理员不监控数据库架构变更的话，就不知道谁对数据库架构做了啥改动（此处改动仅仅只DDL操作），尤其有时候，有些开发人员可能不按规章制度办事，绕过或忘了通知发布人员或DBA，直接去生产机做一些DDL操作，那么我们就需要对数据库架构某些更改的事件进行监控，如果能够监控并留下证据，这样既可以让DBA或相关管理人员知晓这些变更，有效管理数据库，也可以避免出现问题，出现扯皮现象，最后DBA成了背黑锅的。

  下面就是一个解决上述问题的方案，我们通过创建一个表DatabaseLog和DDL触发器来解决问题，首先在msdb数据库里面新建一个表DatabaseLog，用来保存DDL触发器获取的信息。其中DDL触发器主要通过EVENTDATA()函数返回有关服务器或数据库事件的信息。

SQL Code 1
  1. USE msdb;
  2.  
  3. GO
  4.  
  6.  
  7. CREATE TABLE [dbo].[DatabaseLog]
  8.  
  9. (
  10.  
  11.     [DatabaseLogID]   [int]    IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
  12.  
  13.     [PostTime]        [datetime] NOT NULL,
  14.  
  15.     [DatabaseUser]    [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
  16.  
  17.     [LoginName]       [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
  18.  
  19.     [ClientHost]      [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
  20.  
  21.     [Event]           [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
  22.  
  23.     [Schema]          [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
  24.  
  25.     [Object]          [sysname] COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL,
  26.  
  27.     [TSQL]            [nvarchar](max) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL,
  28.  
  29.     [XmlEvent]        [xml] NOT NULL,
  30.  
  31. CONSTRAINT [PK_DatabaseLog_DatabaseLogID] PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED
  32.  
  33. (
  34.  
  35.     [DatabaseLogID] ASC
  36.  
  37.   )WITH (PAD_INDEX= OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF) ON [PRIMARY]
  38.  
  39. ) ON [PRIMARY]
  40.  
  42.  
  43. GO
  44.  
  45. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Primary key for DatabaseLog records.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'DatabaseLogID'
  46.  
  47. GO
  48.  
  49. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The date and time the DDL change occurred.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'PostTime'
  50.  
  51. GO
  52.  
  53. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The user who implemented the DDL change.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'DatabaseUser'
  54.  
  55. GO
  56.  
  57. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The login which implemented the DDL change.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'LoginName'
  58.  
  59. GO
  60.  
  61. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The client machine on which implemented the DDL change.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'ClientHost'
  62.  
  63. GO
  64.  
  65. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The type of DDL statement that was executed.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'Event'
  66.  
  67. GO
  68.  
  69. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The schema to which the changed object belongs.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'Schema'
  70.  
  71. GO
  72.  
  73. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The object that was changed by the DDL statment.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'Object'
  74.  
  75. GO
  76.  
  77. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The exact Transact-SQL statement that was executed.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'TSQL'
  78.  
  79. GO
  80.  
  81. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'The raw XML data generated by database trigger.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'COLUMN',@level2name=N'XmlEvent'
  82.  
  83. GO
  84.  
  85. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Audit table tracking all DDL changes made to the database. Data is captured by the database trigger ddlDatabaseTriggerLog.' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog'
  86.  
  87. GO
  88.  
  89. EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty@name=N'MS_Description', @value=N'Primary key (nonclustered) constraint' , @level0type=N'SCHEMA',@level0name=N'dbo', @level1type=N'TABLE',@level1name=N'DatabaseLog', @level2type=N'CONSTRAINT',@level2name=N'PK_DatabaseLog_DatabaseLogID'
  90.  
  92.  
  93. GO

例如，我要监控数据库MyAssistant的DDL操作，那么我们首先在“数据库邮件”里面创建一个配置名为“ DataBase_DDL_Event”的配置文件（profile name）,这个就不多讲了，不知道配置的，自己先练练手把，假如我需要让数据库把监控到DDL操作变动相信信息发送到我的邮箱 *****@***.com(用你自己的邮箱替代)，那么只需要修改下面代码的邮箱和profile_name即可。

SQL Code 2
  1. USE MyAssistant;
  2. GO
  3.  
  4. CREATE TRIGGER [DTG_DatabaseDdlTriggerLog]
  5. ON DATABASE
  6. FOR DDL_DATABASE_LEVEL_EVENTS
  7. AS
  8. BEGIN
  9.     SET NOCOUNT ON;
  10.  
  11.     DECLARE @data XML;
  12.     DECLARE @schema sysname;
  13.     DECLARE @object sysname;
  14.     DECLARE @eventType sysname;
  15.     DECLARE @tableHTML  NVARCHAR(MAX) ;
  16.     
  17.     SET @data = EVENTDATA();
  18.     SET @eventType = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/EventType)[1]', 'sysname');
  19.     SET @schema = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/SchemaName)[1]', 'sysname');
  20.     SET @object = @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/ObjectName)[1]', 'sysname')
  21.  
  22.     IF @object IS NOT NULL
  23.         PRINT '  ' + @eventType + ' - ' + @schema + '.' + @object;
  24.     ELSE
  25.         PRINT '  ' + @eventType + ' - ' + @schema;
  26.  
  27.     IF @eventType IS NULL
  28.         PRINT CONVERT(nvarchar(max), @data);
  29.  
  30.     INSERT [msdb].[dbo].[DatabaseLog]
  31.         (
  32.         [PostTime],
  33.         [DatabaseUser],
  34.         [LoginName],
  35.         [ClientHost],
  36.         [Event],
  37.         [Schema],
  38.         [Object],
  39.         [TSQL],
  40.         [XmlEvent]
  41.         )
  42.     VALUES
  43.         (
  44.         GETDATE(),
  45.         CONVERT(sysname, CURRENT_USER),
  46.         @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/LoginName)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
  47.         CONVERT(sysname, HOST_NAME()),
  48.         @eventType,
  49.         CONVERT(sysname, @schema),
  50.         CONVERT(sysname, @object),
  51.         @data.value('(/EVENT_INSTANCE/TSQLCommand)[1]', 'nvarchar(max)'),
  52.         @data
  53.         );
  54.  
  55.     SET @tableHTML =   
  56.     N'<H1>DDL Event</H1>' +     
  57.     N'<table border="0">' +     
  58.     N'<tr><th>Post Time</th><th>User</th><th>Login</th><th>ClientHost</th>' +     
  59.     N'<th>TSQL</th><th></tr>' +     
  60.     CAST(( SELECT
  61.     td = PostTime,       '',                     
  62.     td = DatabaseUser, '',        
  63.     td = LoginName, '',     
  64.     td = ClientHost, '',         
  65.     td = TSQL, ''               
  66.     FROM msdb.dbo.DatabaseLog               
  67.     WHERE DatabaseLogID =(select max(DatabaseLogID) from msdb.dbo.DatabaseLog)               
  68.     FOR XML PATH('tr'), TYPE     ) AS NVARCHAR(MAX) ) +     N'</table>' ;
  69.  
  70.     EXEC msdb.dbo.sp_send_dbmail     
  71.              @profile_name = 'DataBase_DDL_Event',
  72.         @recipients='***@***.com',     
  73.         @subject = 'DDL Event - DataBase MyAssistant',     
  74.         @body = @tableHTML,   
  75.         @body_format = 'HTML' ;
  76. END;
  77.  
  78.  
  79.  
  80. GO

接下来我们来测试一下，假如一个用户Test登录数据库，一不小心删除了一个Test的表，如下图一所示，那么我将收到一封邮件，提示我用户Test在那台客户端主机执行了啥DDL操作(如下图二所示)，当然邮件的样式、排版有兴趣的可以去美化一下。

 

MS SQL监控数据库的DDL操作

MS SQL监控数据库的DDL操作

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