Ariduino入门笔记——11. Arduino 默认函数(USB设备控制)

文章目录

作为本系列的最后一篇了,这里介绍一下Arduino用来模拟USB设备,比如键盘和鼠标的方法。比如做硬件外挂等,就可以使用到Arduino这里提供的功能。

Keyboard

首先来看一看在Arduino中文社区提供的一段栗子1

Ariduino入门笔记——11. Arduino 默认函数(USB设备控制)
VCC 5V串联一只1K欧姆的电阻,然后电阻一端连接Arduino针脚,另一端和开关连接。开关的另一只引脚接地。开关没有接通时,输入引脚4的电位因为VCC接地所以是低电平。当开关摁下后,VCC和接地被阻断,引脚4收到高电平信号,于是在每次摁下开关后,计数器就加1。

于是我们得到一个简单的USB控制代码,它大概如下面这样:

#include "Keyboard.h"

const int buttonPin = 4;          // 按键连接引脚
int previousButtonState = HIGH;   // 之前按键状态
int counter = 0;                  // 按键计数器

void setup() {
  // 初始化按键引脚,如果没有上拉电阻,需要使用INPUT_PULLUP
  pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
  // 初始化模拟键盘功能
  Keyboard.begin();
}

void loop() {
  // 读按键状态
  int buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
  // 如果按键状态改变,且当前按键状态为高电平
  if ((buttonState != previousButtonState) && (buttonState == HIGH)) {
    // 按键计数器加1
    counter++;
    // 模拟键盘输出信息
    Keyboard.print("You pressed the button ");
    Keyboard.print(counter);
    Keyboard.println(" times.");
  }
  // 保存当前按键状态,用于下一次比较
  previousButtonState = buttonState;
}

回到官方的文档,分别提供了关于键盘的以及鼠标的USB连接方案。那么对于键盘呢,首先需要注意的是:

无法处理ASC II表中的非打印字符,也就是EOF、蜂鸣器等控制字符是无法处理的。

另外,Arduino 支持基于32u4和SAMD系列的主控板,比如SAMD21和电脑相连。至于重要不重要,我觉得反正对于我们这种主打软件的人来说,只要能验证方案就行了,并不需要花费过多心思在嵌入式芯片和主控板的选型上。如果有条件的话,最好一个主做软件,一个主做硬件的朋友搭伙一起搞设备是比较合适的。

哦,对了,再多说一句。如果你已经使用USB模块并已经让程序运行起来,那么此时试图修改代码会非常困难。因为Arduino会接管你的鼠标和键盘,由于程序处理效率比手工高出不知道多少倍。所以你会发现鼠标会到处游走,或者键盘不停的输出字符。

解决方案是,比如在设计电路的时候,多增加一个按钮,当摁下的时候启动USB托管程序,当再次摁下这个摁钮的时候,就关闭USB托管功能,这样方便你进行调试。此外,在正式运行程序之前,官方建议你先用 Serial.print 把运行结果打印出来,以验证程序是否正确,再接入到USB库里。

当然,你也可以无视这些warning。

开启键盘模拟 Keyboard.begin()

对于Leonardo和Due板来说,这个函数的意义在于启动一个虚拟的键盘,并连接到电脑上,如果需要终止这个连结,使用 Keyboard.end()。

#include <Keyboard.h>

void setup() {
  // make pin 2 an input and turn on the
  // pullup resistor so it goes high unless
  // connected to ground:
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  Keyboard.begin();
}

void loop() {
  //if the button is pressed
  if (digitalRead(2) == LOW) {
    //Send the message
    Keyboard.print("Hello!");
  }
}

关闭键盘模拟 Keyboard.end()

没啥好说的,就是关闭键盘模拟

长摁键盘 Keyboard.press()

这是十分有用的指令,用于向电脑输入某个被摁下的按键,就像你为了在FPS游戏中,控制角色前后左右移动,需要长摁WSAD一样。那么释放某个按键,就使用Keyboard.release() 或者Keyboard.releaseAll()。

#include <Keyboard.h>

// use this option for OSX:
char ctrlKey = KEY_LEFT_GUI;
// use this option for Windows and Linux:
//  char ctrlKey = KEY_LEFT_CTRL;

void setup() {
  // make pin 2 an input and turn on the
  // pullup resistor so it goes high unless
  // connected to ground:
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  // initialize control over the keyboard:
  Keyboard.begin();
}

void loop() {
  while (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
    // do nothing until pin 2 goes low
    delay(500);
  }
  delay(1000);
  // new document:
  Keyboard.press(ctrlKey);
  Keyboard.press('n');
  delay(100);
  Keyboard.releaseAll();
  // wait for new window to open:
  delay(1000);
}

敲击键盘 Keyboard.print()

模拟敲击事件,比如模拟文本输入。可以使用这个指令。不过都需要注意,所有跟键盘有关的指令,都需要在Keyboard.begin() 被设置后才会有效。

#include <Keyboard.h>

void setup() {
  // make pin 2 an input and turn on the
  // pullup resistor so it goes high unless
  // connected to ground:
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  Keyboard.begin();
}

void loop() {
  //if the button is pressed
  if (digitalRead(2) == LOW) {
    //Send the message
    Keyboard.print("Hello!");
  }
}

带回车的敲击事件 Keyboard.println()

和上面的功能相似,区别只是多了一个回车功能。

#include <Keyboard.h>

void setup() {
  // make pin 2 an input and turn on the
  // pullup resistor so it goes high unless
  // connected to ground:
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  Keyboard.begin();
}

void loop() {
  //if the button is pressed
  if (digitalRead(2) == LOW) {
    //Send the message
    Keyboard.println("Hello!");
  }
}

释放按键 Keyboard.release()

跟Press功能对应,不过release是释放具体的按键

#include <Keyboard.h>

// use this option for OSX:
char ctrlKey = KEY_LEFT_GUI;
// use this option for Windows and Linux:
//  char ctrlKey = KEY_LEFT_CTRL;

void setup() {
  // make pin 2 an input and turn on the
  // pullup resistor so it goes high unless
  // connected to ground:
  pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  // initialize control over the keyboard:
  Keyboard.begin();
}

void loop() {
  while (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
    // do nothing until pin 2 goes low
    delay(500);
  }
  delay(1000);
  // new document:
  Keyboard.press(ctrlKey);
  Keyboard.press('n');
  delay(100);
  Keyboard.release(ctrlKey);
  Keyboard.release('n');
  // wait for new window to open:
  delay(1000);
}

释放全部按键 Keyboard.releaseAll()

跟上面的功能相似,不过这是释放全部按键的。

发送单个敲击指令 Keyboard.write()

跟print和println的作用相似,只不过这是只发送一个键位的敲击指令。

Keyboard.write(65);         // sends ASCII value 65, or A
Keyboard.write('A');            // same thing as a quoted character
Keyboard.write(0x41);       // same thing in hexadecimal
Keyboard.write(0b01000001); // same thing in binary (weird choice, but it works)

需要注意的是,无论println还是print或者write指令,都只能发送ASC II可打印字符,换句话说,就是你键盘上可以敲击的按键,比如字符的ABCD,数字的1234,或者空格、回车、Ctrl这一类的,对于字符串中止字符\0 ,文章EOF字符,蜂鸣器等控制指令字符都无法使用。

Mouse

讲完键盘,就需要介绍鼠标的控制。不过注意事项和支持都和键盘一样,所以这里不做过多赘述。

开启鼠标模拟 Mouse.begin()

启动鼠标模拟,如果需要关闭鼠标模拟,那么可以通过Mouse.end() 关闭。

#include <Mouse.h>

void setup() {
  pinMode(2, INPUT);
}

void loop() {
  //initiate the Mouse library when button is pressed
  if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
    Mouse.begin();
  }
}

鼠标点击事件 Mouse.click()

发送瞬间的鼠标点击事件,比如你平时的左击选中,或者右击菜单这样。

函数原型

  • Mouse.click()
  • Mouse.click(button)

参数说明

通常有三个按键可供选择,左键,右键,和中建。

  • MOUSE_LEFT (default)
  • MOUSE_RIGHT
  • MOUSE_MIDDLE

关闭鼠标模拟 Mouse.end()

没什么好说的,就是关闭鼠标模拟的。

鼠标移动事件 Mouse.move()

把光标移动到指定的位置。

函数原型

Mouse.move(xVal, yVal, wheel)

参数说明

  • xVal: amount to move along the x-axis. Allowed data types: signed char.
  • yVal: amount to move along the y-axis. Allowed data types: signed char.
  • wheel: amount to move scroll wheel. Allowed data types: signed char.

#include <Mouse.h>

const int xAxis = A1;         //analog sensor for X axis
const int yAxis = A2;         // analog sensor for Y axis

int range = 12;               // output range of X or Y movement
int responseDelay = 2;        // response delay of the mouse, in ms
int threshold = range / 4;    // resting threshold
int center = range / 2;       // resting position value
int minima[] = {1023, 1023};  // actual analogRead minima for {x, y}
int maxima[] = {0, 0};        // actual analogRead maxima for {x, y}
int axis[] = {xAxis, yAxis};  // pin numbers for {x, y}
int mouseReading[2];          // final mouse readings for {x, y}


void setup() {
  Mouse.begin();
}

void loop() {
  // read and scale the two axes:
  int xReading = readAxis(0);
  int yReading = readAxis(1);

  // move the mouse:
  Mouse.move(xReading, yReading, 0);
  delay(responseDelay);
}

/*
  reads an axis (0 or 1 for x or y) and scales the
  analog input range to a range from 0 to <range>
*/

int readAxis(int axisNumber) {
  int distance = 0; // distance from center of the output range

  // read the analog input:
  int reading = analogRead(axis[axisNumber]);

  // of the current reading exceeds the max or min for this axis,
  // reset the max or min:
  if (reading < minima[axisNumber]) {
    minima[axisNumber] = reading;
  }
  if (reading > maxima[axisNumber]) {
    maxima[axisNumber] = reading;
  }

  // map the reading from the analog input range to the output range:
  reading = map(reading, minima[axisNumber], maxima[axisNumber], 0, range);

  // if the output reading is outside from the
  // rest position threshold,  use it:
  if (abs(reading - center) > threshold) {
    distance = (reading - center);
  }

  // the Y axis needs to be inverted in order to
  // map the movemment correctly:
  if (axisNumber == 1) {
    distance = -distance;
  }

  // return the distance for this axis:
  return distance;
}

长按鼠标 Mouse.press()

比如拉取选框、拖拽的时候,通常配合move函数一起可以实现这种功能。需要释放的时候,可以使用Mouse.release()。

函数原型

  • Mouse.press()
  • Mouse.press(button)

参数说明

  • MOUSE_LEFT (default)
  • MOUSE_RIGHT
  • MOUSE_MIDDLE
#include <Mouse.h>

void setup() {
  //The switch that will initiate the Mouse press
  pinMode(2, INPUT);
  //The switch that will terminate the Mouse press
  pinMode(3, INPUT);
  //initiate the Mouse library
  Mouse.begin();
}

void loop() {
  //if the switch attached to pin 2 is closed, press and hold the left mouse button
  if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
    Mouse.press();
  }
  //if the switch attached to pin 3 is closed, release the left mouse button
  if (digitalRead(3) == HIGH) {
    Mouse.release();
  }
}

鼠标按键释放 Mouse.release()

如果鼠标中有某个按键被摁下后,使用这个函数可以释放该按键。

函数原型

  • Mouse.release()
  • Mouse.release(button)

参数说明

  • MOUSE_LEFT (default)
  • MOUSE_RIGHT
  • MOUSE_MIDDLE

鼠标状态检测 Mouse.isPressed()

如果某个鼠标按键被摁下了,或者Mouse.press 发送了长摁命令,则返回true

函数原型

  • Mouse.isPressed();
  • Mouse.isPressed(button);

参数说明

  • MOUSE_LEFT (default)
  • MOUSE_RIGHT
  • MOUSE_MIDDLE
#include <Mouse.h>

void setup() {
  //The switch that will initiate the Mouse press
  pinMode(2, INPUT);
  //The switch that will terminate the Mouse press
  pinMode(3, INPUT);
  //Start serial communication with the computer
  Serial.begin(9600);
  //initiate the Mouse library
  Mouse.begin();
}

void loop() {
  //a variable for checking the button's state
  int mouseState = 0;
  //if the switch attached to pin 2 is closed, press and hold the left mouse button and save the state ina  variable
  if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH) {
    Mouse.press();
    mouseState = Mouse.isPressed();
  }
  //if the switch attached to pin 3 is closed, release the left mouse button and save the state in a variable
  if (digitalRead(3) == HIGH) {
    Mouse.release();
    mouseState = Mouse.isPressed();
  }
  //print out the current mouse button state
  Serial.println(mouseState);
  delay(10);
}


  1. 《Arduino模拟USB键盘》 https://www.arduino.cn/thread-81605-1-1.html ↩︎

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