一、about
centos7.3 + mysql5.7.20
MySQL多实例的本质
在一台机器上开启多个不同的MySQL实例,也就是各实例监听不同的端口,提供不同的服务。
多个实例公用一套MySQL安装程序,启动程序和配置文件可以是一个也可以是多个(推荐多个);各自的数据文件隔离;逻辑上各实例彼此隔离。
为什么要使用多实例?优缺点?
- 物理机性能强大,单个实例无法充分利用硬件资源
- 资源隔离,减少相互影响
- 分担连接数,MySQL随着连接数的上升,性能会下降
- 更充分的利用资源,不同业务错高峰混跑
- 有优点,也有缺点,比如多个实例会存在资源相互抢占的问题,当某个实例的并发较高或者存在慢查询时,它会消耗更多的硬件资源,这就可能影响到别的实例的性能
多实例的应用场景
- 资金比较紧张的公司
- 并发访问不大的业务
MySQL多实例常见配置方案
- (推荐)通过多个配置文件及多个启动程序来实现多实例。
- 单一配置文件方案,即一个配置文件中写多个实例的配置。
二、必要的准备
目录规划
1 /opt/software/mysql # MySQL的安装目录 2 /data/mysql/ # 所有的MySQL实例的数据目录、备份目录、日志目录,都在该目录下,各个实例以端口号命名 3 /etc/my.conf # MySQL 3306实例的默认配置文件
依赖下载
1 # 如果你的系统曾经安装过mariadb,请先卸载 2 yum remove -y mariadb* 3 yum install -y epel-release 4 yum update -y 5 yum install -y cmake gcc-c++ ncurses-devel perl-Data-Dumper boost-doc boost-devel libaio-devel 6 yum install -y net-tools tree bash-completion lrzsz
三、单实例配置
3.1、下载安装mysql
1 [root@cs ~]# mkdir -p /opt/software && cd /opt/software 2 [root@cs software]# pwd 3 /opt/software 4 [root@cs software]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz 5 [root@cs software]# tar -xvf mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz 6 [root@cs software]# mv mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 mysql 7 [root@cs software]# rm -rf mysql-5.7.20-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz && ls 8 mysql
3.2 添加环境变量
1 [root@cs software]# vim /etc/profile 2 3 export PATH=/opt/software/mysql/bin:$PATH 4 5 [root@cs software]# source /etc/profile
3.3 创建相关目录和MySQL用户
MySQL服务运行在非root用户环境,所以,我们先创建一个mysql用户,然后在创建相关的数据目录:
创建数据目录,并且授权更改用户属组,MySQL的安装目录授权
1 [root@cs software]# useradd mysql 2 [root@cs software]# mkdir -p /data/mysql/330{6,7,8,9}/{data,logs,backup} 3 [root@cs software]# tree /data/mysql/330* 4 /data/mysql/3306 5 ├── backup 6 ├── data 7 └── logs 8 /data/mysql/3307 9 ├── backup 10 ├── data 11 └── logs 12 /data/mysql/3308 13 ├── backup 14 ├── data 15 └── logs 16 /data/mysql/3309 17 ├── backup 18 ├── data 19 └── logs 20 21 12 directories, 0 files 22 [root@cs software]# chown -R mysql:mysql /opt/software/mysql/* 23 [root@cs software]# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/*
3.4 初始化数据库
进行初始化,初始化完成后,会默认创建一个本地的root用户,且无密码
# 保证存放数据的目录是空的,避免不必要的问题 [root@cs software]# rm -rf /data/mysql/3306/data/* [root@cs software]# mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --basedir=/opt/software/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3306/data
2021-05-09T09:41:30.343576Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2021-05-09T09:41:30.557948Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2021-05-09T09:41:30.587516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2021-05-09T09:41:30.655073Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: bbcbb587-b0aa-11eb-a2ce-000c295ead38. 2021-05-09T09:41:30.656498Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened. 2021-05-09T09:41:30.656990Z 1 [Warning] root@localhost is created with an empty password ! Please consider switching off the --initialize-insecure option.
一堆"Warning",不要管它。
3.5 添加配置文件
1 cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF 2 [mysqld] 3 user=mysql 4 basedir=/opt/software/mysql 5 datadir=/data/mysql/3306/data 6 server_id=6 7 port=3306 8 socket=/tmp/mysql.sock 9 log_error=/data/mysql/3306/logs/mysql_error.log 10 [mysql] 11 socket=/tmp/mysql.sock 12 EOF
3.6 使用systemctl管理MySQL服务
1 cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service <<EOF 2 [Unit] 3 Description=MySQL Server 4 Documentation=man:mysqld(8) 5 Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html 6 After=network.target 7 After=syslog.target 8 [Install] 9 WantedBy=multi-user.target 10 [Service] 11 User=mysql 12 Group=mysql 13 ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf 14 LimitNOFILE = 5000 15 EOF
3.7 systemctl命令来管理MySQL服务
systemctl start/restart/stop/status/enable/disable mysqld
测试下:
[root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock [root@cs software]# systemctl start mysqld [root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock /tmp/mysql.sock [root@cs software]# netstat -lnp|grep 330 tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 8131/mysqld
启动之后,/tmp
下就有了mysql.sock
文件,后续我们可以通过这个socket文件来连接数据了。如果使用systemctl
停止数据库,这个文件也没了。
ok,单台实例创建完毕。
3.8、创建用户并且授权
1 grant all on *.* to root@‘localhost‘ identified by ‘123‘; 2 grant all on *.* to root@‘%‘ identified by ‘123‘; 3 flush privileges;
四、
配置4.1 必要的准备
1 [root@cs software]# systemctl stop mysqld 2 [root@cs software]# mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
4.2 准备多实例的数据目录
由于多实例的数据目录已经在单实例那里创建成功了,这一步就可以略过:
每台实例以端口命名,端口名目录下存放配置文件,其中的data目录存放各自的数据。
4.3 为每个实例创建配置文件
我们将每个实例(3306的可配置也可不配置,因为它默认使用的是/etc/my.cnf)的配置文件都放在各自端口目录的下面,视情况修改下面参数,然后直接拷贝运行即可:
1 cat > /data/mysql/3307/my.cnf <<EOF 2 [mysqld] 3 basedir=/opt/software/mysql 4 datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data 5 socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 6 log_error=/data/mysql/3307/logs/mysql_error.log 7 port=3307 8 server_id=7 9 [client] 10 socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 11 EOF 12 13 cat > /data/mysql/3308/my.cnf <<EOF 14 [mysqld] 15 basedir=/opt/software/mysql 16 datadir=/data/mysql/3308/data 17 socket=/data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock 18 log_error=/data/mysql/3308/logs/mysql_error.log 19 port=3308 20 server_id=8 21 [client] 22 socket=/data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock 23 EOF 24 25 cat > /data/mysql/3309/my.cnf <<EOF 26 [mysqld] 27 basedir=/opt/software/mysql 28 datadir=/data/mysql/3309/data 29 socket=/data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock 30 log_error=/data/mysql/3309/logs/mysql_error.log 31 port=3309 32 server_id=9 33 [client] 34 socket=/data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock 35 EOF
完事之后,各自的数据目录下就有了配置文件了:
1 [root@cs software]# ls /data/mysql/3307/ 2 backup data logs my.cnf 3 root@cs software]# cat /data/mysql/3307/my.cnf 4 [mysqld] 5 basedir=/opt/software/mysql 6 datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data 7 socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 8 log_error=/data/mysql/3307/logs/mysql_error.log 9 port=3307 10 server_id=7 11 [client] 12 socket=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock
4.4 授权
[root@cs software]# chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/*
现在,配置文件完事了,就可以着手进行初始化了。
4.5 多实例的初始化
1 mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql 2 mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3308/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql 3 mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3309/data --basedir=/opt/software/mysql
上面的命令执行时,会有Warning提示,这里不要管它。注意,如果你的服务器内存较小的话,可能后续启不起来3台实例,不过有个2G内存也差不多了。
4.6 配置systemctl
实际上,下面这几个配置文件内容都是来自于mysqld.service
文件,然后修改了各自实例的配置文件路径:
1 cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service <<EOF 2 [Unit] 3 Description=MySQL Server 4 Documentation=man:mysqld(8) 5 Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html 6 After=network.target 7 After=syslog.target 8 [Install] 9 WantedBy=multi-user.target 10 [Service] 11 User=mysql 12 Group=mysql 13 ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3307/my.cnf 14 LimitNOFILE = 5000 15 EOF 16 17 cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service <<EOF 18 [Unit] 19 Description=MySQL Server 20 Documentation=man:mysqld(8) 21 Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html 22 After=network.target 23 After=syslog.target 24 [Install] 25 WantedBy=multi-user.target 26 [Service] 27 User=mysql 28 Group=mysql 29 ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3308/my.cnf 30 LimitNOFILE = 5000 31 EOF 32 33 cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service <<EOF 34 [Unit] 35 Description=MySQL Server 36 Documentation=man:mysqld(8) 37 Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html 38 After=network.target 39 After=syslog.target 40 [Install] 41 WantedBy=multi-user.target 42 [Service] 43 User=mysql 44 Group=mysql 45 ExecStart=/opt/software/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3309/my.cnf 46 LimitNOFILE = 5000 47 EOF
4.7 启动
到这里,多实例的配置基本完毕,可以尝试启动了
1 systemctl start mysqld3307.service 2 systemctl start mysqld3308.service 3 systemctl start mysqld3309.service
验证下:
1 [root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock 2 /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 3 /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock 4 /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock 5 [root@cs software]# netstat -lnp|grep 330 6 tcp6 0 0 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 8361/mysqld 7 tcp6 0 0 :::3308 :::* LISTEN 8368/mysqld 8 tcp6 0 0 :::3309 :::* LISTEN 8636/mysqld 9 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 55795 8361/mysqld /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 10 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 30540 8368/mysqld /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock 11 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 74758 8636/mysqld /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
恢复单实例的配置文件
1 [root@cs software]# mv /etc/my.cnf.bak /etc/my.cnf
然后启动3306这台实例,注意,3306的跟其他的实例不太一样:
1 [root@cs software]# systemctl start mysqld.service 2 [root@cs software]# find / -name mysql.sock 3 /tmp/mysql.sock 4 /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 5 /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock 6 /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock 7 [root@cs software]# netstat -lnp|grep 330 8 tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 8748/mysqld 9 tcp6 0 0 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 8361/mysqld 10 tcp6 0 0 :::3308 :::* LISTEN 8368/mysqld 11 tcp6 0 0 :::3309 :::* LISTEN 8636/mysqld 12 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 55795 8361/mysqld /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock 13 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 30540 8368/mysqld /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock 14 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 74758 8636/mysqld /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock
五、连接管理
现在4个实例都能正常运行后,摆在我们面前的是怎么连接到指定的实例?
有以下两种方式可以连接到指定数据库:
1 # 注意,此时的登录密码都为空,直接回车即可 2 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id" 3 Enter password: 4 +-------------+ 5 | @@server_id | 6 +-------------+ 7 | 6 | 8 +-------------+ 9 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3307/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id" 10 Enter password: 11 +-------------+ 12 | @@server_id | 13 +-------------+ 14 | 7 | 15 +-------------+ 16 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3308/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id" 17 Enter password: 18 +-------------+ 19 | @@server_id | 20 +-------------+ 21 | 8 | 22 +-------------+ 23 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/mysql/3309/mysql.sock -e "select @@server_id" 24 Enter password: 25 +-------------+ 26 | @@server_id | 27 +-------------+ 28 | 9 | 29 +-------------+
以上是通过不同的mysql.sock
来来接指定的数据库实例,除此之外,还可以通过-h -P
参数来连接到指定的数据库实例
1 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -e "select @@server_id" 2 Enter password: 3 +-------------+ 4 | @@server_id | 5 +-------------+ 6 | 6 | 7 +-------------+ 8 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -e "select @@server_id" 9 Enter password: 10 +-------------+ 11 | @@server_id | 12 +-------------+ 13 | 7 | 14 +-------------+ 15 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 -e "select @@server_id" 16 Enter password: 17 +-------------+ 18 | @@server_id | 19 +-------------+ 20 | 8 | 21 +-------------+ 22 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 -e "select @@server_id" 23 Enter password: 24 +-------------+ 25 | @@server_id | 26 +-------------+ 27 | 9 | 28 +-------------+
六 、用户管理
默认的,上面使用root用户只有本地的访问权限,远程无法使用,且初始化时,我们将初始密码也设置为空了:
1 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -e "select user,host from mysql.user" 2 Enter password: 3 +---------------+-----------+ 4 | user | host | 5 +---------------+-----------+ 6 | mysql.session | localhost | 7 | mysql.sys | localhost | 8 | root | localhost | 9 +---------------+-----------+
所以,这里我们创建远程用户和创建密码再配置相关权限:
1 -- 分别登录到各自的实例中,此时密码还未空,直接回车,然后执行下面命令,进行创建用户并授权 2 -- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 3 -- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 4 -- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 5 -- mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 6 7 grant all on *.* to root@‘localhost‘ identified by ‘123‘; 8 grant all on *.* to root@‘%‘ identified by ‘123‘; 9 flush privileges;
注意,上面的创建用户和授权命令仅适用于MySQL8.0一下,因为从MySQL8.0开始,创建用户和授权分为两步操作,这点需要注意。
创建完成后,就可以通过密码进行登录了:
1 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -e "select @@server_id" 2 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. 3 +-------------+ 4 | @@server_id | 5 +-------------+ 6 | 6 | 7 +-------------+ 8 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -e "select @@server_id" 9 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. 10 +-------------+ 11 | @@server_id | 12 +-------------+ 13 | 7 | 14 +-------------+ 15 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 -e "select @@server_id" 16 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. 17 +-------------+ 18 | @@server_id | 19 +-------------+ 20 | 8 | 21 +-------------+ 22 [root@cs software]# mysql -uroot -p123 -h127.0.0.1 -P3309 -e "select @@server_id" 23 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. 24 +-------------+ 25 | @@server_id | 26 +-------------+ 27 | 9 | 28 +-------------+