一 切换环境变量为中文的方法
1.查看当前环境变量信息
localectl list-locales
2.设置环境变量
vi /etc/locale.conf
LANG="zh_CN.utf8"
或者
[root@server ~]# localectl set-locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8"
3.重新加载环境变量
. /etc/profile
二 时间和日期设置
timedatectl
hwclock
[root@server ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Tue 2016-08-23 18:13:05 CST
Universal time: Tue 2016-08-23 10:13:05 UTC
RTC time: Tue 2016-08-23 10:13:05
Timezone: Asia/Chongqing (CST, +0800)
NTP enabled: n/a
NTP synchronized: no
RTC in local TZ: no
DST active: n/a
[root@server ~]#
2.2 更改日期
[root@server ~]# timedatectl set-time 2017-06-02
[root@server ~]# date
Fri Jun 2 00:00:01 CST 2017
[root@server ~]#
2.3 更改时间
root@server ~]# timedatectl set-time 10:15:15
[root@server ~]# date
Fri Jun 2 10:15:17 CST 2017
[root@server ~]#
2.3 更改时区
显示时区
timedatectl list-timezones
更改时区
[root@server ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/Inuvik
[root@server ~]# date
Thu Jun 1 20:18:00 MDT 2017
[root@server ~]# date
Thu Jun 1 20:18:02 MDT 2017
[root@server ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Thu 2017-06-01 20:18:06 MDT
Universal time: Fri 2017-06-02 02:18:06 UTC
RTC time: Fri 2017-06-02 02:18:06
Timezone: America/Inuvik (MDT, -0600)
NTP enabled: n/a
NTP synchronized: no
RTC in local TZ: no
DST active: yes
Last DST change: DST began at
Sun 2017-03-12 01:59:59 MST
Sun 2017-03-12 03:00:00 MDT
Next DST change: DST ends (the clock jumps one hour backwards) at
Sun 2017-11-05 01:59:59 MDT
Sun 2017-11-05 01:00:00 MST
[root@server ~]#
2.4 date命令
date --utc
date +"format"
date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"
date更改日期命令
[root@server ~]# date +%F -s 2017-08-23
2017-08-23
[root@server ~]# date
Wed Aug 23 00:00:01 MDT 2017
[root@server ~]# date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"
2017-08-23 00:00
[root@server ~]#
2.5 hwclock更改系统时间
[root@server ~]# hwclock --localtime
Fri 02 Jun 2017 02:21:26 AM MDT -0.226614 seconds
[root@server ~]#
设置
hwclock --set --date "2016-08-23 10:22:00"
同步
[root@server ~]# hwclock --systohc --localtime
[root@server ~]# date
Wed Aug 23 00:02:49 MDT 2017
[root@server ~]# hwclock
Wed 23 Aug 2017 12:02:56 AM MDT -0.615255 seconds
[root@server ~]#
2.6 配置和监控chronyd
/etc/chrony.conf
systemctl restart chronyd
chronyc sources -v
2.7 案例：调整系统时间
timedatectl list-timezones
chronyc sources
chronyd /etc/chrony.conf
timedatectl
timedatectl set-timezone
restart the chronyd service.
2.8 案例： 分析日志系统
-
配置日志文件
-
显示所有systemd 最近30分钟的日志来自服务器serverX
-
配置rsyslogd规则/etc/rsyslog.d/auth-errors.conf,根据优先级，输出到/var/log/auth-errors
使用logger命令验证
-
三 包管理
1. 检查升级包
yum check-update
yum update rpm
2.搜索包
yum search meld kompare
3.列出包
yum list all
4.列出仓库
yum repolist
yum repoinfo
yum repolist -v
yum info abrt
yumdb info yum
yum install /usr/sbin/named
5. 列出组包
yum groups summary
yum groups list bolb
yum group list ids
yum group install roupid
yum group install "GOME Desktop"
yum history list
6. 创建一个创库
yum install createrepo
createrepo --database /mnt/local_repo
7. 安装图形界面
yum group install "GNOME Desktop"
配置自动启动：
ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
四 用户管理
1 usermod
-c
-g
-G
-a
-d
-m
-s
-L lock a user account
-U unlock a user account
2.userdel
userdel -r username removes the user and the user's home direcotry
3. passwd
change password
4. UID
uid 0 root
uid 1-200 a range of "system users"
uid 201-999 a range of "system users"
uid 1000+
5. change
change -d 0 username will force a password update on next login.
change -l username will list a username's current settings.
change -e YYYY-MM-DD will expire an account on a specific day.
6.权限
r
w
x
chmod
chown
umask
umask案例实验
7. ACL
ACL可以更加细化设置权限，满足用户访问需求。
-
怎么开启ACL，设置ACL权限
查看文件的ACL
getfacl file
设置ACL setfacl
setfacl -m u:name:rX file
案例：设置目录/shares/cases/* ,通过ACL需要满足下面条件。
bakerstreet组可以访问cases目录
在群组scotlandyard所有成员可以执行，除jones只能读外，其它人可以读写cases目录。
再目录新建一个文件将自动分配getfacl和拥有者
bakerstreet group: holmes,watson
scotlandyard group: lestrade,gregson,jones
cases directory: adventures.txt and moriarty.txt
chgrp -R bakerstreet /shares/cases
chmod g+s /shares/cases
chmod 660 /shares/cases/*
setfacl -Rm g:scotlandyard:rwX /shares/cases
setfacl -Rm u:jones:rX /shares/cases
setfacl -m d:g:scotlandyard:rwx /shares/cases
setfacl -m d:u:jones:rx /shares/cases
echo hello > holmes.txt
cat adventures.txt
mkdir holmes.dir
echo hello > holmes.dir/test.txt
getfacl holmes.dir
acl_spec has the pattern type:name:perms
五 LOG
systemd-journald daemon provides an improved log management service that collects messages from kernel
rsyslog service then sorts the syslog messages by type and priority,and writes them to persistent files in the /var/log directory
syslog priorities:
emerg,alert,crit,err ,warning,notice,info,debug
vi /etc/rsyslog.conf
*.emerg /var/log/messages
2. log循环使用
可以使用 logrotate
3.send调试信息logger
logger -p local7.notice "Log entry created on server"
案例：学习自定义日志
4. journalctl
journalctl -n 5 show the last 10 log entries
journalctl -p err
journalctl -f
journalctl --since "2016-08-20" --until "2016-09-20"
journalctl --since 9:00 _SYSTEMD_UNIT="sshd.service"
6.配置文件
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
五 启动grub
POST 自检
根据UEFI或MBR启动BIOS
系统固件从硬盘读取启动配置grub
grub2-install
加载配置
/etc/grub.d /etc/default/grub
-
启动模式
graphical.target
multi-user.target
rescue.target
emergency.target
systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target
systemctl list-units --type=target --all
2.设置默认配置
/etc/systemd/system/
systemctl get-default graphical.target
3.设置启动时间
systemctl isolate multi-user.target
systemctl set-default multi-user.target
systemctl reboot
4.恢复root密码
input : e
linux16
rd.break
5.修复启动程序
本文转自 woshiwei201 51CTO博客，原文链接:http://blog.51cto.com/chenwei/1841959