【题目】阅读程序,先分析程序的执行结果,在上机时运行程序进行对照,再通过单步执行跟踪程序的运行,达到理解基类、派生类中构造函数、析构函数执行过程的目的。
程序如下:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Part //部件类 { public: Part(); Part(int i); ~Part(); private: int val; }; class Whole: public Part { public: Whole(); Whole(int,int,int,int); ~Whole(); private: Part one; Part two; int data; }; Part::Part() { val=0; cout<<"The default constructor of part was called "<<val<<endl; } Part::Part(int i) { val=i; cout<<"The constructor of part was called "<<val<<endl; } Part::~Part() { cout<<"The destructor of part was called "<<val<<endl; } Whole::Whole() { data=0; cout<<"The default constructor of whole was called "<<data<<endl; } Whole::Whole(int p, int i,int j,int k):Part(p),two(i),one(j),data(k) { cout<<"The constructor of whole was called "<<data<<endl; } Whole::~Whole() { cout<<"The destructor of whole was called "<<data<<endl; } void f() { Whole w1; Whole w2(1,2,3,4); } int main() { f(); system("pause"); return 0; }
运行结果及解释:
运行结果 | 对运行结果的说明 |
The default constructor of part was called 0 The default constructor of part was called 0 The default constructor of part was called 0 The default constructor of whole was called 0 |
程序中第60行定义对象w1时,执行构造函数的结果。 对于基类part、派生类中的part对象成员执行的都是默认构造函数; 最后执行派生类whole的默认构造函数的函数体中的语句。 |
The constructor of part was called 1 The constructor of part was called 3 The constructor of part was called 2 The constructor of whole was called 4 |
程序中第61行定义对象w2时,执行构造函数的结果。 调用构造函数的过程也是先基类、再派生类中的对象成员,最后执行派生类构造函数的函数体。 此处执行的均是带参数的构造函数。 注意到在创建对象w2(1,2,3,4)时,第48行函数调用的实参为:Part(1),two(2),one(3),data(4)。 可能让人意外的是,给出的数字是1 3 2 4,而不是1 2 3 4。 这告诉我们,w2中对象成员one的构造函数one(3)执行在前,对象成员two的构造函数two(2)执行在后。 对象成员的构造顺序依其在对象中定义 的顺序(见第20和21行),而不是构造函数中的书写顺序。 为什么?因为在一个whole对象中,各数据成员是顺序存储的,分配空间,one在前,two在后。 C++是人工语言。大多数问题是有依据的,多想想有好处,但初学时常想不到。 所以,一旦有想不通的,将观察得到的现象有大脑中留有映像,随着学习的深入就明白了。 |
The destructor of whole was called 4 The destructor of part was called 2 The destructor of part was called 3 The destructor of part was called 1 |
退出f()函数的调用时,结束局部对象w2的生命周期,执行析构函数。 要调用的析构函数的顺序正好与前构造函数的顺序相反:先构造的后析构,后构造的先析构。 |
The destructor of whole was called 0 The destructor of part was called 0 The destructor of part was called 0 The destructor of part was called 0 |
退出f()函数的调用时,结束局部对象w1的生命周期,执行析构函数。 w1比w2先定义,而析构函数的执行却在后。 这个结果是由系统自动决定的,程序员需要明白其中的游戏规则。 |