创建自定义函数脚本如下

DELIMITER $$

DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS `is_id_card`$$ 
 
CREATE FUNCTION `is_id_card` (number VARCHAR (20) CHARSET utf8) RETURNS TINYINT (1) 
BEGIN
  DECLARE flag BOOL DEFAULT FALSE ;
  IF (
    LENGTH(number) = 18 
    and number REGEXP '[1-9]{1}[0-9]{17}|[1-9]{1}[0-9]{16}X' 
    AND substr(number,7,4) between '1900' and year(now()) 
    AND SUBSTR(number,11,2) BETWEEN '01' AND '12' 
    AND SUBSTR(number,13,2) BETWEEN '01' AND DAY(LAST_DAY(CONCAT(SUBSTR(number,7,4),'-',SUBSTR(number,11,2),'-01')))
    OR (
      LENGTH(number) = 15 
      AND number REGEXP '[1-9]{1}[0-9]{14}'
      AND substr(number,7,2) between '00' and '99' 
      AND SUBSTR(number,9,2) BETWEEN '01' AND '12' 
      AND SUBSTR(number,11,2) BETWEEN '01' AND DAY(LAST_DAY(CONCAT('19',SUBSTR(number,7,2),'-',SUBSTR(number,9,2),'-01')))
    )
  ) 
  THEN SET flag = TRUE ;
  END IF ;
  RETURN flag ;
END $$

DELIMITER ;

说明

目前只做了数字校验和年份。月份、日期校验，包括了18位和15位身份证，可以满足大多数需求；

路过大家有更好的方式还请指教，脚本如有问题，还请指出，谢谢！