009 优化&新特性&HA

1、Hadoop数据压缩

压缩算法 原始文件大小 压缩文件大小 压缩速度 解压速度 自带 切分 改程序
gzip 8.3GB 1.8GB 17.5MB/s 58MB/s
bzip2 8.3GB 1.1GB 2.4MB/s 9.5MB/s
LZO 8.3GB 2.9GB 49.3MB/s 74.6MB/s
  • 输入压缩:(Hadoop使用文件扩展名判断是否支持某种编解码器,core-site.xml)
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.DefaultCodec
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.BZip2Codec
    com.hadoop.compression.lzo.LzopCodec
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec
  • mapper输出:(企业多使用LZO或Snappy编解码器在此阶段压缩数据,mapred-site.xml)
    com.hadoop.compression.lzo.LzopCodec
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec
  • reducer输出:(使用标准工具或者编解码器,如gzip和bzip2,mapred-site.xml)
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec
    org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.BZip2Codec

PS:LZO格式是基于GPL许可的,不能通过Apache来分发许可,基于此,它的hadoop编码/解码器必须单独下载,Linux上安装编译lzo详解。lzop编码/解码器兼容干lzop工具,它其实就是LZO 格式,但额外还有头部,它正是我们想要的。还有一个纯LZO格式的编码/解码器LzoCodec,它使用.lzo_deflate作为扩展名(根据 DEFLATE类推,是没有头部的gzip格式)。

1.1、数据流的压缩和解压缩

//获取压缩编解码器codec
CompressionCodecFactory factory = new CompressionCodecFactory(new Configuration());
CompressionCodec codec = factory.getCodecByName(method);
//获取普通输出流,文件后面需要加上压缩后缀
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(filename + codec.getDefaultExtension()));
//获取压缩输出流,用压缩解码器对fos进行压缩
CompressionOutputStream cos = codec.createOutputStream(fos);
//获取压缩编解码器codec
CompressionCodecFactory factory = new CompressionCodecFactory(new Configuration());
CompressionCodec codec = factory.getCodec(new Path(filename));
//获取普通输入流
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File(filename));
//获取压缩输出流,用压缩解码器对fis进行解压
CompressionInputStream cis = codec.createInputStream(fis);

1.2、Map、Reduce输出端采用压缩

Mapper和Reducer不变

// 开启map端输出压缩
conf.setBoolean("mapreduce.map.output.compress", true);
// 设置map端输出压缩方式
conf.setClass("mapreduce.map.output.compress.codec", BZip2Codec.class,CompressionCodec.class);
// 设置reduce端输出压缩开启
FileOutputFormat.setCompressOutput(job, true);
// 设置压缩的方式
FileOutputFormat.setOutputCompressorClass(job, BZip2Codec.class);

2、Hadoop企业优化

2.1、MapReduce程序效率的瓶颈

1)计算机性能:CPU、内存、硬盘、网络
2)I/O操作优化:数据倾斜、MapTask和ReduceTask数不合理、小文件、压缩文件不可切分、切片数过多、Merge数过多、Reduce时间过长

解决方案:
1)输入阶段:CombineTextInputFormat合并输入端大量的小文件
2)Map阶段:减少溢写次数、减少合并次数、加入Combine
mapred-default.xml

<!-- 增大触发Spill的内存上限-->
<property>
  <name>mapreduce.task.io.sort.mb</name>
  <value>100</value>
  <description>The total amount of buffer memory to use while sorting
  files, in megabytes.  By default, gives each merge stream 1MB, which
  should minimize seeks.</description>
</property>
<property>
  <name>mapreduce.map.sort.spill.percent</name>
  <value>0.80</value>
  <description>The soft limit in the serialization buffer. Once reached, a
  thread will begin to spill the contents to disk in the background. Note that
  collection will not block if this threshold is exceeded while a spill is
  already in progress, so spills may be larger than this threshold when it is
  set to less than .5</description>
</property>

<!--增大Merge的文件数目-->
<property>
  <name>mapreduce.task.io.sort.factor</name>
  <value>10</value>
  <description>The number of streams to merge at once while sorting
  files.  This determines the number of open file handles.</description>
</property>

3)Reduce阶段:合理设置MapTask和ReduceTask数(太少task会等待,太多task会竞争)、设置Map和Reduce共存(Map运行到一定程度后,开始运行Reduce)、减少Reduce(Reduce获取数据产生大量的网络消耗)
mapred-default.xml

<property>
  <name>mapreduce.job.reduce.slowstart.completedmaps</name>
  <value>0.05</value>
  <description>Fraction of the number of maps in the job which should be
  complete before reduces are scheduled for the job.
  </description>
</property>

<property>
  <name>mapreduce.reduce.input.buffer.percent</name>
  <value>0.0</value>
  <description>The percentage of memory- relative to the maximum heap size- to
  retain map outputs during the reduce. When the shuffle is concluded, any
  remaining map outputs in memory must consume less than this threshold before
  the reduce can begin.
  </description>
</property>

4)I/O阶段:使用Snappy和LZO压缩编码器、使用SequenceFile二进制文件对hive二进制存储格式,即SequenceFile和RCFile的思考总结
5)数据倾斜:抽样和范围分区(数据抽样预设分区)、自定义分区、Combiner精简数据、避免Reduce Join(尽量Map Join)

2.2、hadoop常用的调优参数

2.3、Hadoop小文件优化方法

补充:SequenceFile是由一系列的二进制k/v组成,如果为key为文件名,value为文件内容,可将大批小文件合并成一个大文件

3、Hadoop新特性

3.1、采用distcp命令实现两个Hadoop集群之间的递归数据复制

[atguigu@hadoop102 hadoop-3.1.3]$  bin/hadoop distcp hdfs://hadoop102:9820/user/atguigu/hello.txt hdfs://hadoop105:9820/user/atguigu/hello.txt

3.2、小文件存档

# 归档文件
[atguigu@hadoop102 hadoop-3.1.3]$ hadoop archive -archiveName input.har -p  /user/atguigu/input   /user/atguigu/output
# 查看归档
[atguigu@hadoop102 hadoop-3.1.3]$ hadoop fs -ls /user/atguigu/output/input.har
[atguigu@hadoop102 hadoop-3.1.3]$ hadoop fs -ls har:///user/atguigu/output/input.har
# 解归档文件
[atguigu@hadoop102 hadoop-3.1.3]$ hadoop fs -cp har:/// user/atguigu/output/input.har/*    /user/atguigu

3.3、Hadoop Trash回收站使用指南

补充:通过程序删除的文件不会经过回收站,需要调用moveToTrash()才进入回收站

Trash trash = New Trash(conf);
trash.moveToTrash(path);

3.4、Hadoop3.x新特性

PS:纠删码Erasure Coding (分布式存储系统)

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