线程的生命周期及五种基本状态
关于Java线程的生命周期，请看下面这张图：
新建状态（New）：当线程对象创建后，即进入了新建状态，如：Thread t = new MyThread();
就绪状态（Runnable）：当调用线程对象的start()方法（t.start();），线程即进入就绪状态。处于就绪状态的线程，只是说明此线程已经做好了准备，随时等待CPU调度执行，并不是说执行了t.start()此线程立即就会执行；
运行状态（Running）：当CPU开始调度处于就绪状态的线程时，此时线程才得以真正执行，即进入到运行状态。
阻塞状态（Blocked）：处于运行状态中的线程由于某种原因，暂时放弃对CPU的使用权，停止执行，此时进入阻塞状态，直到其进入到就绪状态，才有机会再次被CPU调用以进入到运行状态。
阻塞状态有以下几种进入条件：
1.等待阻塞：运行状态中的线程执行wait()方法，使本线程进入到等待阻塞状态；
2.同步阻塞 -- 线程在获取synchronized同步锁失败(因为锁被其它线程所占用)，它会进入同步阻塞状态；
3.其他阻塞 -- 通过调用线程的sleep()或join()或发出了I/O请求时，线程会进入到阻塞状态。当sleep()状态超时、join()等待线程终止或者超时、或者I/O处理完毕时，线程重新转入就绪状态。
4.调用线程的suspend方法主动挂起，不过这个方法目前不推荐使用。
出现上述几种条件对应的退出条件，阻塞状态会回到就绪状态，重新等待CPU调度执行。
阻塞状态需要再次进入就绪状态之后才能再次进入运行状态。
死亡状态（Dead）：线程执行完了或者因异常退出了run()方法，该线程结束生命周期。
在java线程实现中，针对阻塞状态有做了一定的细分，分为了 BLOCKED ，WAITING，TIMED_WAITING 几种，分别对应等待 进入同步代码块，等待唤醒 ，有时间的等待唤醒几种。
具体枚举定义代码如下：
public enum State {
/**
* Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
*/
NEW,
/**
* Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable
* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
* be waiting for other resources from the operating system
* such as processor.
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
* to enter a synchronized block/method or
* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
* that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
* </ul>
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a terminated thread.
* The thread has completed execution.
*/
TERMINATED;
}
Java线程实现几种方式
1.继承Thread类型，覆写run()方法，run方法里面实现自己需要的逻辑，new Thread()之后 线程进入创建状态，start()之后进入就绪状态，进入运行状态时机取决于系统CPU调度。
public class MyThread extends Thread{
public void run(){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
//线程启动
new MyThread().start();
2.实现Runnable接口，实现其run()方法，创建其实例，并通过该实例构造 Thread ，通过Thread来启动。
public class MyRunnable implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
//线程启动
Runnable runnable =new MyRunnable() ;
new Thread(runnable).start();
查看Thread类的run方法可以发现 其实现如下：
public void run() {
if (target != null) {
target.run();
}
}
实际执行了我们传入Runnable对象的run方法。
3.jdk1.5之后又提供了另一种方式，通过实现Callable接口来创建线程，提供有返回值的call方法，来达到获得线程返回值的目的,外部线程可以通过future接口可以获得线程执行结果。
public class MyCallable implements Callable<String>{
@Override
public String call() throws Exception {
return "my name is MyCallable";
}
}
使用callable创建线程的启动方式稍微复杂，代码如下：
Callable<String> callable = new MyCallable();
FutureTask<String> futureTask = new FutureTask<String>(callable);
new Thread(futureTask).start();
System.out.println(futureTask.get());
从上面可以看到callable和前两种实现方式的差别是Callable可以获得返回值。
除了我们手动创建FutureTask的方式启动以外，还可以通过jdk提供的并发执行器进行执行，不需要我们自己手动创建FutureTask对象来执行，代码如下：
Callable<String> callable = new MyCallable();
ExecutorService executorService =Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
Future<String> future = executorService.submit(callable) ;
System.out.println(future.get());
executorService.shutdown();
执行器同样可以用来执行Runnable对象，代码类似，只是不能获得返回值。
下面看看Callable如何做到返回线程执行结果的，首先我们看看FutureTask的类继承关系：
从上图可以很清晰的看到FutureTask实际也实现了Runnable接口 ，其run方法实现如下：
public void run() {
if (state != NEW ||
!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
null, Thread.currentThread()))
return;
try {
Callable<V> c = callable;
if (c != null && state == NEW) {
V result;
boolean ran;
try {
result = c.call();
ran = true;
} catch (Throwable ex) {
result = null;
ran = false;
setException(ex);
}
if (ran)
set(result);
}
} finally {
// runner must be non-null until state is settled to
// prevent concurrent calls to run()
runner = null;
// state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
// leaked interrupts
int s = state;
if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
}
}所以可以看出来Callable实际就是在Runnable进行了一层包装达到可以携带执行返回结果的目的。
所以总结下来，其实后两种实现都是在Thread基础上进行封装的，实际的执行都是靠Thread对象来执行的。
线程的start方法调用之后究竟会发生什么
首先我们看一下Thread类的start方法
public synchronized void start() {
/**
* This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
* group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
* to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
*
* A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW".
*/
if (threadStatus != 0)
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
/* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
* so that it can be added to the group's list of threads
* and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
group.add(this);
boolean started = false;
try {
start0();
started = true;
} finally {
try {
if (!started) {
group.threadStartFailed(this);
}
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
/* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
it will be passed up the call stack */
}
}
}
实际上是调用了本地方法start0()
本地方法，定义在Thread.c文件里面
static JNINativeMethod methods[] = {
{"start0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_StartThread},
{"stop0", "(" OBJ ")V", (void *)&JVM_StopThread},
{"isAlive", "()Z", (void *)&JVM_IsThreadAlive},
{"suspend0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_SuspendThread},
{"resume0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_ResumeThread},
{"setPriority0", "(I)V", (void *)&JVM_SetThreadPriority},
{"yield", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Yield},
{"sleep", "(J)V", (void *)&JVM_Sleep},
{"currentThread", "()" THD, (void *)&JVM_CurrentThread},
{"countStackFrames", "()I", (void *)&JVM_CountStackFrames},
{"interrupt0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Interrupt},
{"isInterrupted", "(Z)Z", (void *)&JVM_IsInterrupted},
{"holdsLock", "(" OBJ ")Z", (void *)&JVM_HoldsLock},
{"getThreads", "()[" THD, (void *)&JVM_GetAllThreads},
{"dumpThreads", "([" THD ")[[" STE, (void *)&JVM_DumpThreads},
};
从上面的代码可以看出start0实际是调用了JVM_StartThread方法，我们找找JVM_StartThread方法的定义
static void thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) {
HandleMark hm(THREAD);
Handle obj(THREAD, thread->threadObj());
JavaValue result(T_VOID);
JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result,
obj,
KlassHandle(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Thread_klass()),
vmSymbols::run_method_name(),
vmSymbols::void_method_signature(),
THREAD);
}
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_StartThread(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread))
JVMWrapper("JVM_StartThread");
JavaThread *native_thread = NULL;
// We cannot hold the Threads_lock when we throw an exception,
// due to rank ordering issues. Example: we might need to grab the
// Heap_lock while we construct the exception.
bool throw_illegal_thread_state = false;
// We must release the Threads_lock before we can post a jvmti event
// in Thread::start.
{
// Ensure that the C++ Thread and OSThread structures aren't freed before
// we operate.
MutexLocker mu(Threads_lock);
// Since JDK 5 the java.lang.Thread threadStatus is used to prevent
// re-starting an already started thread, so we should usually find
// that the JavaThread is null. However for a JNI attached thread
// there is a small window between the Thread object being created
// (with its JavaThread set) and the update to its threadStatus, so we
// have to check for this
if (java_lang_Thread::thread(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread)) != NULL) {
throw_illegal_thread_state = true;
} else {
// We could also check the stillborn flag to see if this thread was already stopped, but
// for historical reasons we let the thread detect that itself when it starts running
jlong size =
java_lang_Thread::stackSize(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread));
// Allocate the C++ Thread structure and create the native thread. The
// stack size retrieved from java is signed, but the constructor takes
// size_t (an unsigned type), so avoid passing negative values which would
// result in really large stacks.
size_t sz = size > 0 ? (size_t) size : 0;
<span style="color:#ff6666;">native_thread = new JavaThread(&thread_entry, sz);</span>
// At this point it may be possible that no osthread was created for the
// JavaThread due to lack of memory. Check for this situation and throw
// an exception if necessary. Eventually we may want to change this so
// that we only grab the lock if the thread was created successfully -
// then we can also do this check and throw the exception in the
// JavaThread constructor.
if (native_thread->osthread() != NULL) {
// Note: the current thread is not being used within "prepare".
native_thread->prepare(jthread);
}
}
}
if (throw_illegal_thread_state) {
THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_IllegalThreadStateException());
}
assert(native_thread != NULL, "Starting null thread?");
if (native_thread->osthread() == NULL) {
// No one should hold a reference to the 'native_thread'.
delete native_thread;
if (JvmtiExport::should_post_resource_exhausted()) {
JvmtiExport::post_resource_exhausted(
JVMTI_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED_OOM_ERROR | JVMTI_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED_THREADS,
"unable to create new native thread");
}
THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(),
"unable to create new native thread");
}
Thread::start(native_thread);
JVM_END
可以看到在JVM_StartThread方法里面创建了实际跟平台有关系的本地线程，线程函数是thread_entry ，thread_entry定义了实际调用vmSymbols::run_method_name()这个方法，这个方法实际就是定义运行run方法，在vmSymbols.hpp可以看到定义如下：
本地线程最终执行run_method_name这个方法
template(run_method_name, "run")
可以看到线程最终执行我们的Thread对象的run方法。
所以整个调用时序是 Thread.start -->JVM_StartThread -->thread_entry --> os本地线程(异步) --> Thread.run
总结
从上面我们知道java 线程是建立在系统本地线程之上的，通过Thread对象做了一层封装，封装了各个不同平台的细节，提供了统一的API ，Thread之上又做了 Runnable的回调和Callable的回调。
Java线程创建和执行的三种方式最终都是通过Thread来实现的。
注：本文源码部分来源于JDK1.7和openJDK7源码，可以从下面地址下载。
http://download.java.net/openjdk/jdk7