postgresql —— json

2022-06-01 04:40:50

--Postgres Json(b) int array contains any of array values

SELECT ‘[1, 2, 3, 4]‘::jsonb @> ‘3‘::jsonb OR ‘[1, 2, 3, 4]‘::jsonb @> ‘5‘::jsonb as result;
-- result
--------
-- t
--(1 row)

with c(j) as (values(‘[1, 2, 3, 4]‘::jsonb))
, a as (select j,jsonb_array_elements(j) ja from c)
select array_agg(ja), j, array_agg(ja::text::int) && array[5,4] from a group by j;
-- array_agg |      j       | ?column?
-----------+--------------+----------
-- {1,2,3,4} | [1, 2, 3, 4] | t
--(1 row)

select "spon" ,("spon")::jsonb
from request."Spr"  
where 
"spon"::jsonb @> ‘2105315577425011‘;

官网：9.16. JSON Functions and Operators

Operator Description Example(s)
`json` `->` `integer` → `json` `jsonb` `->` `integer` → `jsonb` Extracts `n`‘th element of JSON array (array elements are indexed from zero, but negative integers count from the end). `‘[{"a":"foo"},{"b":"bar"},{"c":"baz"}]‘::json -> 2` → `{"c":"baz"}` `‘[{"a":"foo"},{"b":"bar"},{"c":"baz"}]‘::json -> -3` → `{"a":"foo"}`
`json` `->` `text` → `json` `jsonb` `->` `text` → `jsonb` Extracts JSON object field with the given key. `‘{"a": {"b":"foo"}}‘::json -> ‘a‘` → `{"b":"foo"}`
`json` `->>` `integer` → `text` `jsonb` `->>` `integer` → `text` Extracts `n`‘th element of JSON array, as `text`. `‘[1,2,3]‘::json ->> 2` → `3`
`json` `->>` `text` → `text` `jsonb` `->>` `text` → `text` Extracts JSON object field with the given key, as `text`. `‘{"a":1,"b":2}‘::json ->> ‘b‘` → `2`
`json` `#>` `text[]` → `json` `jsonb` `#>` `text[]` → `jsonb` Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path, where path elements can be either field keys or array indexes. `‘{"a": {"b": ["foo","bar"]}}‘::json #> ‘{a,b,1}‘` → `"bar"`
`json` `#>>` `text[]` → `text` `jsonb` `#>>` `text[]` → `text` Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path as `text`. `‘{"a": {"b": ["foo","bar"]}}‘::json #>> ‘{a,b,1}‘` → `bar`

Operator

Description

Example(s)

json -> integer → json

jsonb -> integer → jsonb

Extracts n‘th element of JSON array (array elements are indexed from zero, but negative integers count from the end).

‘[{"a":"foo"},{"b":"bar"},{"c":"baz"}]‘::json -> 2 → {"c":"baz"}

‘[{"a":"foo"},{"b":"bar"},{"c":"baz"}]‘::json -> -3 → {"a":"foo"}

json -> text → json

jsonb -> text → jsonb

Extracts JSON object field with the given key.

‘{"a": {"b":"foo"}}‘::json -> ‘a‘ → {"b":"foo"}

json ->> integer → text

jsonb ->> integer → text

Extracts n‘th element of JSON array, as text.

‘[1,2,3]‘::json ->> 2 → 3

json ->> text → text

jsonb ->> text → text

Extracts JSON object field with the given key, as text.

‘{"a":1,"b":2}‘::json ->> ‘b‘ → 2

json #> text[] → json

jsonb #> text[] → jsonb

Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path, where path elements can be either field keys or array indexes.

‘{"a": {"b": ["foo","bar"]}}‘::json #> ‘{a,b,1}‘ → "bar"

json #>> text[] → text

jsonb #>> text[] → text

Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path as text.

‘{"a": {"b": ["foo","bar"]}}‘::json #>> ‘{a,b,1}‘ → bar

Operator Description Example(s)
`jsonb` `@>` `jsonb` → `boolean` Does the first JSON value contain the second? (See Section 8.14.3 for details about containment.) `‘{"a":1, "b":2}‘::jsonb @> ‘{"b":2}‘::jsonb` → `t`
`jsonb` `<@` `jsonb` → `boolean` Is the first JSON value contained in the second? `‘{"b":2}‘::jsonb <@ ‘{"a":1, "b":2}‘::jsonb` → `t`
`jsonb` `?` `text` → `boolean` Does the text string exist as a top-level key or array element within the JSON value? `‘{"a":1, "b":2}‘::jsonb ? ‘b‘` → `t` `‘["a", "b", "c"]‘::jsonb ? ‘b‘` → `t`
`jsonb` `?\|` `text[]` → `boolean` Do any of the strings in the text array exist as top-level keys or array elements? `‘{"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}‘::jsonb ?\| array[‘b‘, ‘d‘]` → `t`
`jsonb` `?&` `text[]` → `boolean` Do all of the strings in the text array exist as top-level keys or array elements? `‘["a", "b", "c"]‘::jsonb ?& array[‘a‘, ‘b‘]` → `t`
`jsonb` `\|\|` `jsonb` → `jsonb` Concatenates two `jsonb` values. Concatenating two arrays generates an array containing all the elements of each input. Concatenating two objects generates an object containing the union of their keys, taking the second object‘s value when there are duplicate keys. All other cases are treated by converting a non-array input into a single-element array, and then proceeding as for two arrays. Does not operate recursively: only the top-level array or object structure is merged. `‘["a", "b"]‘::jsonb \|\| ‘["a", "d"]‘::jsonb` → `["a", "b", "a", "d"]` `‘{"a": "b"}‘::jsonb \|\| ‘{"c": "d"}‘::jsonb` → `{"a": "b", "c": "d"}` `‘[1, 2]‘::jsonb \|\| ‘3‘::jsonb` → `[1, 2, 3]` `‘{"a": "b"}‘::jsonb \|\| ‘42‘::jsonb` → `[{"a": "b"}, 42]` To append an array to another array as a single entry, wrap it in an additional layer of array, for example: `‘[1, 2]‘::jsonb \|\| jsonb_build_array(‘[3, 4]‘::jsonb)` → `[1, 2, [3, 4]]`
`jsonb` `-` `text` → `jsonb` Deletes a key (and its value) from a JSON object, or matching string value(s) from a JSON array. `‘{"a": "b", "c": "d"}‘::jsonb - ‘a‘` → `{"c": "d"}` `‘["a", "b", "c", "b"]‘::jsonb - ‘b‘` → `["a", "c"]`
`jsonb` `-` `text[]` → `jsonb` Deletes all matching keys or array elements from the left operand. `‘{"a": "b", "c": "d"}‘::jsonb - ‘{a,c}‘::text[]` → `{}`
`jsonb` `-` `integer` → `jsonb` Deletes the array element with specified index (negative integers count from the end). Throws an error if JSON value is not an array. `‘["a", "b"]‘::jsonb - 1` → `["a"]`
`jsonb` `#-` `text[]` → `jsonb` Deletes the field or array element at the specified path, where path elements can be either field keys or array indexes. `‘["a", {"b":1}]‘::jsonb #- ‘{1,b}‘` → `["a", {}]`
`jsonb` `@?` `jsonpath` → `boolean` Does JSON path return any item for the specified JSON value? `‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘::jsonb @? ‘$.a[*] ? (@ > 2)‘` → `t`
`jsonb` `@@` `jsonpath` → `boolean` Returns the result of a JSON path predicate check for the specified JSON value. Only the first item of the result is taken into account. If the result is not Boolean, then `NULL` is returned. `‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘::jsonb @@ ‘$.a[*] > 2‘` → `t`

Operator

Description

Example(s)

jsonb @> jsonb → boolean

Does the first JSON value contain the second? (See Section 8.14.3 for details about containment.)

‘{"a":1, "b":2}‘::jsonb @> ‘{"b":2}‘::jsonb → t

jsonb <@ jsonb → boolean

Is the first JSON value contained in the second?

‘{"b":2}‘::jsonb <@ ‘{"a":1, "b":2}‘::jsonb → t

jsonb ? text → boolean

Does the text string exist as a top-level key or array element within the JSON value?

‘{"a":1, "b":2}‘::jsonb ? ‘b‘ → t

‘["a", "b", "c"]‘::jsonb ? ‘b‘ → t

jsonb ?| text[] → boolean

Do any of the strings in the text array exist as top-level keys or array elements?

‘{"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}‘::jsonb ?| array[‘b‘, ‘d‘] → t

jsonb ?& text[] → boolean

Do all of the strings in the text array exist as top-level keys or array elements?

‘["a", "b", "c"]‘::jsonb ?& array[‘a‘, ‘b‘] → t

jsonb || jsonb → jsonb

Concatenates two jsonb values. Concatenating two arrays generates an array containing all the elements of each input. Concatenating two objects generates an object containing the union of their keys, taking the second object‘s value when there are duplicate keys. All other cases are treated by converting a non-array input into a single-element array, and then proceeding as for two arrays. Does not operate recursively: only the top-level array or object structure is merged.

‘["a", "b"]‘::jsonb || ‘["a", "d"]‘::jsonb → ["a", "b", "a", "d"]

‘{"a": "b"}‘::jsonb || ‘{"c": "d"}‘::jsonb → {"a": "b", "c": "d"}

‘[1, 2]‘::jsonb || ‘3‘::jsonb → [1, 2, 3]

‘{"a": "b"}‘::jsonb || ‘42‘::jsonb → [{"a": "b"}, 42]

To append an array to another array as a single entry, wrap it in an additional layer of array, for example:

‘[1, 2]‘::jsonb || jsonb_build_array(‘[3, 4]‘::jsonb) → [1, 2, [3, 4]]

jsonb - text → jsonb

Deletes a key (and its value) from a JSON object, or matching string value(s) from a JSON array.

‘{"a": "b", "c": "d"}‘::jsonb - ‘a‘ → {"c": "d"}

‘["a", "b", "c", "b"]‘::jsonb - ‘b‘ → ["a", "c"]

jsonb - text[] → jsonb

Deletes all matching keys or array elements from the left operand.

‘{"a": "b", "c": "d"}‘::jsonb - ‘{a,c}‘::text[] → {}

jsonb - integer → jsonb

Deletes the array element with specified index (negative integers count from the end). Throws an error if JSON value is not an array.

‘["a", "b"]‘::jsonb - 1 → ["a"]

jsonb #- text[] → jsonb

Deletes the field or array element at the specified path, where path elements can be either field keys or array indexes.

‘["a", {"b":1}]‘::jsonb #- ‘{1,b}‘ → ["a", {}]

jsonb @? jsonpath → boolean

Does JSON path return any item for the specified JSON value?

‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘::jsonb @? ‘$.a[*] ? (@ > 2)‘ → t

jsonb @@ jsonpath → boolean

Returns the result of a JSON path predicate check for the specified JSON value. Only the first item of the result is taken into account. If the result is not Boolean, then NULL is returned.

‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘::jsonb @@ ‘$.a[*] > 2‘ → t

Function Description Example(s)
`to_json` ( `anyelement` ) → `json` `to_jsonb` ( `anyelement` ) → `jsonb` Converts any SQL value to `json` or `jsonb`. Arrays and composites are converted recursively to arrays and objects (multidimensional arrays become arrays of arrays in JSON). Otherwise, if there is a cast from the SQL data type to `json`, the cast function will be used to perform the conversion;[a] otherwise, a scalar JSON value is produced. For any scalar other than a number, a Boolean, or a null value, the text representation will be used, with escaping as necessary to make it a valid JSON string value. `to_json(‘Fred said "Hi."‘::text)` → `"Fred said \"Hi.\""` `to_jsonb(row(42, ‘Fred said "Hi."‘::text))` → `{"f1": 42, "f2": "Fred said \"Hi.\""}`
`array_to_json` ( `anyarray` [, `boolean` ] ) → `json` Converts a SQL array to a JSON array. The behavior is the same as `to_json` except that line feeds will be added between top-level array elements if the optional boolean parameter is true. `array_to_json(‘{{1,5},{99,100}}‘::int[])` → `[[1,5],[99,100]]`
`row_to_json` ( `record` [, `boolean` ] ) → `json` Converts a SQL composite value to a JSON object. The behavior is the same as `to_json` except that line feeds will be added between top-level elements if the optional boolean parameter is true. `row_to_json(row(1,‘foo‘))` → `{"f1":1,"f2":"foo"}`
`json_build_array` ( `VARIADIC` `"any"` ) → `json` `jsonb_build_array` ( `VARIADIC` `"any"` ) → `jsonb` Builds a possibly-heterogeneously-typed JSON array out of a variadic argument list. Each argument is converted as per `to_json` or `to_jsonb`. `json_build_array(1, 2, ‘foo‘, 4, 5)` → `[1, 2, "foo", 4, 5]`
`json_build_object` ( `VARIADIC` `"any"` ) → `json` `jsonb_build_object` ( `VARIADIC` `"any"` ) → `jsonb` Builds a JSON object out of a variadic argument list. By convention, the argument list consists of alternating keys and values. Key arguments are coerced to text; value arguments are converted as per `to_json` or `to_jsonb`. `json_build_object(‘foo‘, 1, 2, row(3,‘bar‘))` → `{"foo" : 1, "2" : {"f1":3,"f2":"bar"}}`
`json_object` ( `text[]` ) → `json` `jsonb_object` ( `text[]` ) → `jsonb` Builds a JSON object out of a text array. The array must have either exactly one dimension with an even number of members, in which case they are taken as alternating key/value pairs, or two dimensions such that each inner array has exactly two elements, which are taken as a key/value pair. All values are converted to JSON strings. `json_object(‘{a, 1, b, "def", c, 3.5}‘)` → `{"a" : "1", "b" : "def", "c" : "3.5"}` `json_object(‘{{a, 1}, {b, "def"}, {c, 3.5}}‘)` → `{"a" : "1", "b" : "def", "c" : "3.5"}`
`json_object` ( `keys` `text[]`, `values` `text[]` ) → `json` `jsonb_object` ( `keys` `text[]`, `values` `text[]` ) → `jsonb` This form of `json_object` takes keys and values pairwise from separate text arrays. Otherwise it is identical to the one-argument form. `json_object(‘{a,b}‘, ‘{1,2}‘)` → `{"a": "1", "b": "2"}`
[a] For example, the hstore extension has a cast from `hstore` to `json`, so that `hstore` values converted via the JSON creation functions will be represented as JSON objects, not as primitive string values.

Function

Description

Example(s)

to_json ( anyelement ) → json

to_jsonb ( anyelement ) → jsonb

Converts any SQL value to json or jsonb. Arrays and composites are converted recursively to arrays and objects (multidimensional arrays become arrays of arrays in JSON). Otherwise, if there is a cast from the SQL data type to json, the cast function will be used to perform the conversion;[a] otherwise, a scalar JSON value is produced. For any scalar other than a number, a Boolean, or a null value, the text representation will be used, with escaping as necessary to make it a valid JSON string value.

to_json(‘Fred said "Hi."‘::text) → "Fred said \"Hi.\""

to_jsonb(row(42, ‘Fred said "Hi."‘::text)) → {"f1": 42, "f2": "Fred said \"Hi.\""}

array_to_json ( anyarray [, boolean ] ) → json

Converts a SQL array to a JSON array. The behavior is the same as to_json except that line feeds will be added between top-level array elements if the optional boolean parameter is true.

array_to_json(‘{{1,5},{99,100}}‘::int[]) → [[1,5],[99,100]]

row_to_json ( record [, boolean ] ) → json

Converts a SQL composite value to a JSON object. The behavior is the same as to_json except that line feeds will be added between top-level elements if the optional boolean parameter is true.

row_to_json(row(1,‘foo‘)) → {"f1":1,"f2":"foo"}

json_build_array ( VARIADIC "any" ) → json

jsonb_build_array ( VARIADIC "any" ) → jsonb

Builds a possibly-heterogeneously-typed JSON array out of a variadic argument list. Each argument is converted as per to_json or to_jsonb.

json_build_array(1, 2, ‘foo‘, 4, 5) → [1, 2, "foo", 4, 5]

json_build_object ( VARIADIC "any" ) → json

jsonb_build_object ( VARIADIC "any" ) → jsonb

Builds a JSON object out of a variadic argument list. By convention, the argument list consists of alternating keys and values. Key arguments are coerced to text; value arguments are converted as per to_json or to_jsonb.

json_build_object(‘foo‘, 1, 2, row(3,‘bar‘)) → {"foo" : 1, "2" : {"f1":3,"f2":"bar"}}

json_object ( text[] ) → json

jsonb_object ( text[] ) → jsonb

Builds a JSON object out of a text array. The array must have either exactly one dimension with an even number of members, in which case they are taken as alternating key/value pairs, or two dimensions such that each inner array has exactly two elements, which are taken as a key/value pair. All values are converted to JSON strings.

json_object(‘{a, 1, b, "def", c, 3.5}‘) → {"a" : "1", "b" : "def", "c" : "3.5"}

json_object(‘{{a, 1}, {b, "def"}, {c, 3.5}}‘) → {"a" : "1", "b" : "def", "c" : "3.5"}

json_object ( keys text[], values text[] ) → json

jsonb_object ( keys text[], values text[] ) → jsonb

This form of json_object takes keys and values pairwise from separate text arrays. Otherwise it is identical to the one-argument form.

json_object(‘{a,b}‘, ‘{1,2}‘) → {"a": "1", "b": "2"}

[a] For example, the hstore extension has a cast from hstore to json, so that hstore values converted via the JSON creation functions will be represented as JSON objects, not as primitive string values.

Function Description Example(s)
`json_array_elements` ( `json` ) → `setof json` `jsonb_array_elements` ( `jsonb` ) → `setof jsonb` Expands the top-level JSON array into a set of JSON values. `select * from json_array_elements(‘[1,true, [2,false]]‘)` → value ----------- 1 true [2,false]
`json_array_elements_text` ( `json` ) → `setof text` `jsonb_array_elements_text` ( `jsonb` ) → `setof text` Expands the top-level JSON array into a set of `text` values. `select * from json_array_elements_text(‘["foo", "bar"]‘)` → value ----------- foo bar
`json_array_length` ( `json` ) → `integer` `jsonb_array_length` ( `jsonb` ) → `integer` Returns the number of elements in the top-level JSON array. `json_array_length(‘[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]‘)` → `5`
`json_each` ( `json` ) → `setof record` ( `key` `text`, `value` `json` ) `jsonb_each` ( `jsonb` ) → `setof record` ( `key` `text`, `value` `jsonb` ) Expands the top-level JSON object into a set of key/value pairs. `select * from json_each(‘{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}‘)` → key \| value -----+------- a \| "foo" b \| "bar"
`json_each_text` ( `json` ) → `setof record` ( `key` `text`, `value` `text` ) `jsonb_each_text` ( `jsonb` ) → `setof record` ( `key` `text`, `value` `text` ) Expands the top-level JSON object into a set of key/value pairs. The returned `value`s will be of type `text`. `select * from json_each_text(‘{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}‘)` → key \| value -----+------- a \| foo b \| bar
`json_extract_path` ( `from_json` `json`, `VARIADIC` `path_elems` `text[]` ) → `json` `jsonb_extract_path` ( `from_json` `jsonb`, `VARIADIC` `path_elems` `text[]` ) → `jsonb` Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path. (This is functionally equivalent to the `#>` operator, but writing the path out as a variadic list can be more convenient in some cases.) `json_extract_path(‘{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}‘, ‘f4‘, ‘f6‘)` → `"foo"`
`json_extract_path_text` ( `from_json` `json`, `VARIADIC` `path_elems` `text[]` ) → `text` `jsonb_extract_path_text` ( `from_json` `jsonb`, `VARIADIC` `path_elems` `text[]` ) → `text` Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path as `text`. (This is functionally equivalent to the `#>>` operator.) `json_extract_path_text(‘{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}‘, ‘f4‘, ‘f6‘)` → `foo`
`json_object_keys` ( `json` ) → `setof text` `jsonb_object_keys` ( `jsonb` ) → `setof text` Returns the set of keys in the top-level JSON object. `select * from json_object_keys(‘{"f1":"abc","f2":{"f3":"a", "f4":"b"}}‘)` → json_object_keys ------------------ f1 f2
`json_populate_record` ( `base` `anyelement`, `from_json` `json` ) → `anyelement` `jsonb_populate_record` ( `base` `anyelement`, `from_json` `jsonb` ) → `anyelement` Expands the top-level JSON object to a row having the composite type of the `base` argument. The JSON object is scanned for fields whose names match column names of the output row type, and their values are inserted into those columns of the output. (Fields that do not correspond to any output column name are ignored.) In typical use, the value of `base` is just `NULL`, which means that any output columns that do not match any object field will be filled with nulls. However, if `base` isn‘t `NULL` then the values it contains will be used for unmatched columns. To convert a JSON value to the SQL type of an output column, the following rules are applied in sequence: A JSON null value is converted to a SQL null in all cases. If the output column is of type `json` or `jsonb`, the JSON value is just reproduced exactly. If the output column is a composite (row) type, and the JSON value is a JSON object, the fields of the object are converted to columns of the output row type by recursive application of these rules. Likewise, if the output column is an array type and the JSON value is a JSON array, the elements of the JSON array are converted to elements of the output array by recursive application of these rules. Otherwise, if the JSON value is a string, the contents of the string are fed to the input conversion function for the column‘s data type. Otherwise, the ordinary text representation of the JSON value is fed to the input conversion function for the column‘s data type. While the example below uses a constant JSON value, typical use would be to reference a `json` or `jsonb` column laterally from another table in the query‘s `FROM` clause. Writing `json_populate_record` in the `FROM` clause is good practice, since all of the extracted columns are available for use without duplicate function calls. `create type subrowtype as (d int, e text);` `create type myrowtype as (a int, b text[], c subrowtype);` `select * from json_populate_record(null::myrowtype, ‘{"a": 1, "b": ["2", "a b"], "c": {"d": 4, "e": "a b c"}, "x": "foo"}‘)` → a \| b \| c ---+-----------+------------- 1 \| {2,"a b"} \| (4,"a b c")
`json_populate_recordset` ( `base` `anyelement`, `from_json` `json` ) → `setof anyelement` `jsonb_populate_recordset` ( `base` `anyelement`, `from_json` `jsonb` ) → `setof anyelement` Expands the top-level JSON array of objects to a set of rows having the composite type of the `base` argument. Each element of the JSON array is processed as described above for `json[b]_populate_record`. `create type twoints as (a int, b int);` `select * from json_populate_recordset(null::twoints, ‘[{"a":1,"b":2}, {"a":3,"b":4}]‘)` → a \| b ---+--- 1 \| 2 3 \| 4
`json_to_record` ( `json` ) → `record` `jsonb_to_record` ( `jsonb` ) → `record` Expands the top-level JSON object to a row having the composite type defined by an `AS` clause. (As with all functions returning `record`, the calling query must explicitly define the structure of the record with an `AS` clause.) The output record is filled from fields of the JSON object, in the same way as described above for `json[b]_populate_record`. Since there is no input record value, unmatched columns are always filled with nulls. `create type myrowtype as (a int, b text);` `select * from json_to_record(‘{"a":1,"b":[1,2,3],"c":[1,2,3],"e":"bar","r": {"a": 123, "b": "a b c"}}‘) as x(a int, b text, c int[], d text, r myrowtype)` → a \| b \| c \| d \| r ---+---------+---------+---+--------------- 1 \| [1,2,3] \| {1,2,3} \| \| (123,"a b c")
`json_to_recordset` ( `json` ) → `setof record` `jsonb_to_recordset` ( `jsonb` ) → `setof record` Expands the top-level JSON array of objects to a set of rows having the composite type defined by an `AS` clause. (As with all functions returning `record`, the calling query must explicitly define the structure of the record with an `AS` clause.) Each element of the JSON array is processed as described above for `json[b]_populate_record`. `select * from json_to_recordset(‘[{"a":1,"b":"foo"}, {"a":"2","c":"bar"}]‘) as x(a int, b text)` → a \| b ---+----- 1 \| foo 2 \|
`jsonb_set` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `text[]`, `new_value` `jsonb` [, `create_if_missing` `boolean` ] ) → `jsonb` Returns `target` with the item designated by `path` replaced by `new_value`, or with `new_value` added if `create_if_missing` is true (which is the default) and the item designated by `path` does not exist. All earlier steps in the path must exist, or the `target` is returned unchanged. As with the path oriented operators, negative integers that appear in the `path` count from the end of JSON arrays. If the last path step is an array index that is out of range, and `create_if_missing` is true, the new value is added at the beginning of the array if the index is negative, or at the end of the array if it is positive. `jsonb_set(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2,null,3]‘, ‘{0,f1}‘, ‘[2,3,4]‘, false)` → `[{"f1": [2, 3, 4], "f2": null}, 2, null, 3]` `jsonb_set(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2]‘, ‘{0,f3}‘, ‘[2,3,4]‘)` → `[{"f1": 1, "f2": null, "f3": [2, 3, 4]}, 2]`
`jsonb_set_lax` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `text[]`, `new_value` `jsonb` [, `create_if_missing` `boolean` [, `null_value_treatment` `text` ]] ) → `jsonb` If `new_value` is not `NULL`, behaves identically to `jsonb_set`. Otherwise behaves according to the value of `null_value_treatment` which must be one of `‘raise_exception‘`, `‘use_json_null‘`, `‘delete_key‘`, or `‘return_target‘`. The default is `‘use_json_null‘`. `jsonb_set_lax(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2,null,3]‘, ‘{0,f1}‘, null)` → `[{"f1":null,"f2":null},2,null,3]` `jsonb_set_lax(‘[{"f1":99,"f2":null},2]‘, ‘{0,f3}‘, null, true, ‘return_target‘)` → `[{"f1": 99, "f2": null}, 2]`
`jsonb_insert` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `text[]`, `new_value` `jsonb` [, `insert_after` `boolean` ] ) → `jsonb` Returns `target` with `new_value` inserted. If the item designated by the `path` is an array element, `new_value` will be inserted before that item if `insert_after` is false (which is the default), or after it if `insert_after` is true. If the item designated by the `path` is an object field, `new_value` will be inserted only if the object does not already contain that key. All earlier steps in the path must exist, or the `target` is returned unchanged. As with the path oriented operators, negative integers that appear in the `path` count from the end of JSON arrays. If the last path step is an array index that is out of range, the new value is added at the beginning of the array if the index is negative, or at the end of the array if it is positive. `jsonb_insert(‘{"a": [0,1,2]}‘, ‘{a, 1}‘, ‘"new_value"‘)` → `{"a": [0, "new_value", 1, 2]}` `jsonb_insert(‘{"a": [0,1,2]}‘, ‘{a, 1}‘, ‘"new_value"‘, true)` → `{"a": [0, 1, "new_value", 2]}`
`json_strip_nulls` ( `json` ) → `json` `jsonb_strip_nulls` ( `jsonb` ) → `jsonb` Deletes all object fields that have null values from the given JSON value, recursively. Null values that are not object fields are untouched. `json_strip_nulls(‘[{"f1":1, "f2":null}, 2, null, 3]‘)` → `[{"f1":1},2,null,3]`
`jsonb_path_exists` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `boolean` Checks whether the JSON path returns any item for the specified JSON value. If the `vars` argument is specified, it must be a JSON object, and its fields provide named values to be substituted into the `jsonpath` expression. If the `silent` argument is specified and is `true`, the function suppresses the same errors as the `@?` and `@@` operators do. `jsonb_path_exists(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘)` → `t`
`jsonb_path_match` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `boolean` Returns the result of a JSON path predicate check for the specified JSON value. Only the first item of the result is taken into account. If the result is not Boolean, then `NULL` is returned. The optional `vars` and `silent` arguments act the same as for `jsonb_path_exists`. `jsonb_path_match(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘exists($.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max))‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘)` → `t`
`jsonb_path_query` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `setof jsonb` Returns all JSON items returned by the JSON path for the specified JSON value. The optional `vars` and `silent` arguments act the same as for `jsonb_path_exists`. `select * from jsonb_path_query(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘)` → jsonb_path_query ------------------ 2 3 4
`jsonb_path_query_array` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `jsonb` Returns all JSON items returned by the JSON path for the specified JSON value, as a JSON array. The optional `vars` and `silent` arguments act the same as for `jsonb_path_exists`. `jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘)` → `[2, 3, 4]`
`jsonb_path_query_first` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `jsonb` Returns the first JSON item returned by the JSON path for the specified JSON value. Returns `NULL` if there are no results. The optional `vars` and `silent` arguments act the same as for `jsonb_path_exists`. `jsonb_path_query_first(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘)` → `2`
`jsonb_path_exists_tz` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `boolean` `jsonb_path_match_tz` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `boolean` `jsonb_path_query_tz` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `setof jsonb` `jsonb_path_query_array_tz` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `jsonb` `jsonb_path_query_first_tz` ( `target` `jsonb`, `path` `jsonpath` [, `vars` `jsonb` [, `silent` `boolean` ]] ) → `jsonb` These functions act like their counterparts described above without the `_tz` suffix, except that these functions support comparisons of date/time values that require timezone-aware conversions. The example below requires interpretation of the date-only value `2015-08-02` as a timestamp with time zone, so the result depends on the current TimeZone setting. Due to this dependency, these functions are marked as stable, which means these functions cannot be used in indexes. Their counterparts are immutable, and so can be used in indexes; but they will throw errors if asked to make such comparisons. `jsonb_path_exists_tz(‘["2015-08-01 12:00:00 -05"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.datetime() < "2015-08-02".datetime())‘)` → `t`
`jsonb_pretty` ( `jsonb` ) → `text` Converts the given JSON value to pretty-printed, indented text. `jsonb_pretty(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null}, 2]‘)` → [ { "f1": 1, "f2": null }, 2 ]
`json_typeof` ( `json` ) → `text` `jsonb_typeof` ( `jsonb` ) → `text` Returns the type of the top-level JSON value as a text string. Possible types are `object`, `array`, `string`, `number`, `boolean`, and `null`. (The `null` result should not be confused with a SQL NULL; see the examples.) `json_typeof(‘-123.4‘)` → `number` `json_typeof(‘null‘::json)` → `null` `json_typeof(NULL::json) IS NULL` → `t`

Function

Description

Example(s)

json_array_elements ( json ) → setof json

jsonb_array_elements ( jsonb ) → setof jsonb

Expands the top-level JSON array into a set of JSON values.

select * from json_array_elements(‘[1,true, [2,false]]‘) →

   value
-----------
 1
 true
 [2,false]

json_array_elements_text ( json ) → setof text

jsonb_array_elements_text ( jsonb ) → setof text

Expands the top-level JSON array into a set of text values.

select * from json_array_elements_text(‘["foo", "bar"]‘) →

   value
-----------
 foo
 bar

json_array_length ( json ) → integer

jsonb_array_length ( jsonb ) → integer

Returns the number of elements in the top-level JSON array.

json_array_length(‘[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]‘) → 5

json_each ( json ) → setof record ( key text, value json )

jsonb_each ( jsonb ) → setof record ( key text, value jsonb )

Expands the top-level JSON object into a set of key/value pairs.

select * from json_each(‘{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}‘) →

 key | value
-----+-------
 a   | "foo"
 b   | "bar"

json_each_text ( json ) → setof record ( key text, value text )

jsonb_each_text ( jsonb ) → setof record ( key text, value text )

Expands the top-level JSON object into a set of key/value pairs. The returned values will be of type text.

select * from json_each_text(‘{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}‘) →

 key | value
-----+-------
 a   | foo
 b   | bar

json_extract_path ( from_json json, VARIADIC path_elems text[] ) → json

jsonb_extract_path ( from_json jsonb, VARIADIC path_elems text[] ) → jsonb

Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path. (This is functionally equivalent to the #> operator, but writing the path out as a variadic list can be more convenient in some cases.)

json_extract_path(‘{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}‘, ‘f4‘, ‘f6‘) → "foo"

json_extract_path_text ( from_json json, VARIADIC path_elems text[] ) → text

jsonb_extract_path_text ( from_json jsonb, VARIADIC path_elems text[] ) → text

Extracts JSON sub-object at the specified path as text. (This is functionally equivalent to the #>> operator.)

json_extract_path_text(‘{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}‘, ‘f4‘, ‘f6‘) → foo

json_object_keys ( json ) → setof text

jsonb_object_keys ( jsonb ) → setof text

Returns the set of keys in the top-level JSON object.

select * from json_object_keys(‘{"f1":"abc","f2":{"f3":"a", "f4":"b"}}‘) →

 json_object_keys
------------------
 f1
 f2

json_populate_record ( base anyelement, from_json json ) → anyelement

jsonb_populate_record ( base anyelement, from_json jsonb ) → anyelement

Expands the top-level JSON object to a row having the composite type of the base argument. The JSON object is scanned for fields whose names match column names of the output row type, and their values are inserted into those columns of the output. (Fields that do not correspond to any output column name are ignored.) In typical use, the value of base is just NULL, which means that any output columns that do not match any object field will be filled with nulls. However, if base isn‘t NULL then the values it contains will be used for unmatched columns.

To convert a JSON value to the SQL type of an output column, the following rules are applied in sequence:

A JSON null value is converted to a SQL null in all cases.
If the output column is of type json or jsonb, the JSON value is just reproduced exactly.
If the output column is a composite (row) type, and the JSON value is a JSON object, the fields of the object are converted to columns of the output row type by recursive application of these rules.
Likewise, if the output column is an array type and the JSON value is a JSON array, the elements of the JSON array are converted to elements of the output array by recursive application of these rules.
Otherwise, if the JSON value is a string, the contents of the string are fed to the input conversion function for the column‘s data type.
Otherwise, the ordinary text representation of the JSON value is fed to the input conversion function for the column‘s data type.

While the example below uses a constant JSON value, typical use would be to reference a json or jsonb column laterally from another table in the query‘s FROM clause. Writing json_populate_record in the FROM clause is good practice, since all of the extracted columns are available for use without duplicate function calls.

create type subrowtype as (d int, e text); create type myrowtype as (a int, b text[], c subrowtype);

select * from json_populate_record(null::myrowtype, ‘{"a": 1, "b": ["2", "a b"], "c": {"d": 4, "e": "a b c"}, "x": "foo"}‘) →

 a |   b       |      c
---+-----------+-------------
 1 | {2,"a b"} | (4,"a b c")

json_populate_recordset ( base anyelement, from_json json ) → setof anyelement

jsonb_populate_recordset ( base anyelement, from_json jsonb ) → setof anyelement

Expands the top-level JSON array of objects to a set of rows having the composite type of the base argument. Each element of the JSON array is processed as described above for json[b]_populate_record.

create type twoints as (a int, b int);

select * from json_populate_recordset(null::twoints, ‘[{"a":1,"b":2}, {"a":3,"b":4}]‘) →

 a | b
---+---
 1 | 2
 3 | 4

json_to_record ( json ) → record

jsonb_to_record ( jsonb ) → record

Expands the top-level JSON object to a row having the composite type defined by an AS clause. (As with all functions returning record, the calling query must explicitly define the structure of the record with an AS clause.) The output record is filled from fields of the JSON object, in the same way as described above for json[b]_populate_record. Since there is no input record value, unmatched columns are always filled with nulls.

create type myrowtype as (a int, b text);

select * from json_to_record(‘{"a":1,"b":[1,2,3],"c":[1,2,3],"e":"bar","r": {"a": 123, "b": "a b c"}}‘) as x(a int, b text, c int[], d text, r myrowtype) →

 a |    b    |    c    | d |       r
---+---------+---------+---+---------------
 1 | [1,2,3] | {1,2,3} |   | (123,"a b c")

json_to_recordset ( json ) → setof record

jsonb_to_recordset ( jsonb ) → setof record

Expands the top-level JSON array of objects to a set of rows having the composite type defined by an AS clause. (As with all functions returning record, the calling query must explicitly define the structure of the record with an AS clause.) Each element of the JSON array is processed as described above for json[b]_populate_record.

select * from json_to_recordset(‘[{"a":1,"b":"foo"}, {"a":"2","c":"bar"}]‘) as x(a int, b text) →

 a |  b
---+-----
 1 | foo
 2 |

jsonb_set ( target jsonb, path text[], new_value jsonb [, create_if_missing boolean ] ) → jsonb

Returns target with the item designated by path replaced by new_value, or with new_value added if create_if_missing is true (which is the default) and the item designated by path does not exist. All earlier steps in the path must exist, or the target is returned unchanged. As with the path oriented operators, negative integers that appear in the path count from the end of JSON arrays. If the last path step is an array index that is out of range, and create_if_missing is true, the new value is added at the beginning of the array if the index is negative, or at the end of the array if it is positive.

jsonb_set(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2,null,3]‘, ‘{0,f1}‘, ‘[2,3,4]‘, false) → [{"f1": [2, 3, 4], "f2": null}, 2, null, 3]

jsonb_set(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2]‘, ‘{0,f3}‘, ‘[2,3,4]‘) → [{"f1": 1, "f2": null, "f3": [2, 3, 4]}, 2]

jsonb_set_lax ( target jsonb, path text[], new_value jsonb [, create_if_missing boolean [, null_value_treatment text ]] ) → jsonb

If new_value is not NULL, behaves identically to jsonb_set. Otherwise behaves according to the value of null_value_treatment which must be one of ‘raise_exception‘, ‘use_json_null‘, ‘delete_key‘, or ‘return_target‘. The default is ‘use_json_null‘.

jsonb_set_lax(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null},2,null,3]‘, ‘{0,f1}‘, null) → [{"f1":null,"f2":null},2,null,3]

jsonb_set_lax(‘[{"f1":99,"f2":null},2]‘, ‘{0,f3}‘, null, true, ‘return_target‘) → [{"f1": 99, "f2": null}, 2]

jsonb_insert ( target jsonb, path text[], new_value jsonb [, insert_after boolean ] ) → jsonb

Returns target with new_value inserted. If the item designated by the path is an array element, new_value will be inserted before that item if insert_after is false (which is the default), or after it if insert_after is true. If the item designated by the path is an object field, new_value will be inserted only if the object does not already contain that key. All earlier steps in the path must exist, or the target is returned unchanged. As with the path oriented operators, negative integers that appear in the path count from the end of JSON arrays. If the last path step is an array index that is out of range, the new value is added at the beginning of the array if the index is negative, or at the end of the array if it is positive.

jsonb_insert(‘{"a": [0,1,2]}‘, ‘{a, 1}‘, ‘"new_value"‘) → {"a": [0, "new_value", 1, 2]}

jsonb_insert(‘{"a": [0,1,2]}‘, ‘{a, 1}‘, ‘"new_value"‘, true) → {"a": [0, 1, "new_value", 2]}

json_strip_nulls ( json ) → json

jsonb_strip_nulls ( jsonb ) → jsonb

Deletes all object fields that have null values from the given JSON value, recursively. Null values that are not object fields are untouched.

json_strip_nulls(‘[{"f1":1, "f2":null}, 2, null, 3]‘) → [{"f1":1},2,null,3]

jsonb_path_exists ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → boolean

Checks whether the JSON path returns any item for the specified JSON value. If the vars argument is specified, it must be a JSON object, and its fields provide named values to be substituted into the jsonpath expression. If the silent argument is specified and is true, the function suppresses the same errors as the @? and @@ operators do.

jsonb_path_exists(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘) → t

jsonb_path_match ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → boolean

Returns the result of a JSON path predicate check for the specified JSON value. Only the first item of the result is taken into account. If the result is not Boolean, then NULL is returned. The optional vars and silent arguments act the same as for jsonb_path_exists.

jsonb_path_match(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘exists($.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max))‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘) → t

jsonb_path_query ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → setof jsonb

Returns all JSON items returned by the JSON path for the specified JSON value. The optional vars and silent arguments act the same as for jsonb_path_exists.

select * from jsonb_path_query(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘) →

 jsonb_path_query
------------------
 2
 3
 4

jsonb_path_query_array ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → jsonb

Returns all JSON items returned by the JSON path for the specified JSON value, as a JSON array. The optional vars and silent arguments act the same as for jsonb_path_exists.

jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘) → [2, 3, 4]

jsonb_path_query_first ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → jsonb

Returns the first JSON item returned by the JSON path for the specified JSON value. Returns NULL if there are no results. The optional vars and silent arguments act the same as for jsonb_path_exists.

jsonb_path_query_first(‘{"a":[1,2,3,4,5]}‘, ‘$.a[*] ? (@ >= $min && @ <= $max)‘, ‘{"min":2, "max":4}‘) → 2

jsonb_path_exists_tz ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → boolean

jsonb_path_match_tz ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → boolean

jsonb_path_query_tz ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → setof jsonb

jsonb_path_query_array_tz ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → jsonb

jsonb_path_query_first_tz ( target jsonb, path jsonpath [, vars jsonb [, silent boolean ]] ) → jsonb

These functions act like their counterparts described above without the _tz suffix, except that these functions support comparisons of date/time values that require timezone-aware conversions. The example below requires interpretation of the date-only value 2015-08-02 as a timestamp with time zone, so the result depends on the current TimeZone setting. Due to this dependency, these functions are marked as stable, which means these functions cannot be used in indexes. Their counterparts are immutable, and so can be used in indexes; but they will throw errors if asked to make such comparisons.

jsonb_path_exists_tz(‘["2015-08-01 12:00:00 -05"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.datetime() < "2015-08-02".datetime())‘) → t

jsonb_pretty ( jsonb ) → text

Converts the given JSON value to pretty-printed, indented text.

jsonb_pretty(‘[{"f1":1,"f2":null}, 2]‘) →

[
    {
        "f1": 1,
        "f2": null
    },
    2
]

json_typeof ( json ) → text

jsonb_typeof ( jsonb ) → text

Returns the type of the top-level JSON value as a text string. Possible types are object, array, string, number, boolean, and null. (The null result should not be confused with a SQL NULL; see the examples.)

json_typeof(‘-123.4‘) → number

json_typeof(‘null‘::json) → null

json_typeof(NULL::json) IS NULL → t

{
  "track": {
    "segments": [
      {
        "location":   [ 47.763, 13.4034 ],
        "start time": "2018-10-14 10:05:14",
        "HR": 73
      },
      {
        "location":   [ 47.706, 13.2635 ],
        "start time": "2018-10-14 10:39:21",
        "HR": 135
      }
    ]
  }
}

o retrieve the available track segments, you need to use the .key accessor operator to descend through surrounding JSON objects:

$.track.segments

To retrieve the contents of an array, you typically use the [*] operator. For example, the following path will return the location coordinates for all the available track segments:

$.track.segments[*].location

To return the coordinates of the first segment only, you can specify the corresponding subscript in the [] accessor operator. Recall that JSON array indexes are 0-relative:

$.track.segments[0].location

The result of each path evaluation step can be processed by one or more jsonpath operators and methods listed in Section 9.16.2.2. Each method name must be preceded by a dot. For example, you can get the size of an array:

$.track.segments.size()

When defining a path, you can also use one or more filter expressions that work similarly to the WHERE clause in SQL. A filter expression begins with a question mark and provides a condition in parentheses:

? (condition)

For example, suppose you would like to retrieve all heart rate values higher than 130. You can achieve this using the following expression:

$.track.segments[*].HR ? (@ > 130)

To get the start times of segments with such values, you have to filter out irrelevant segments before returning the start times, so the filter expression is applied to the previous step, and the path used in the condition is different:

$.track.segments[*] ? (@.HR > 130)."start time"

You can use several filter expressions in sequence, if required. For example, the following expression selects start times of all segments that contain locations with relevant coordinates and high heart rate values:

$.track.segments[*] ? (@.location[1] < 13.4) ? (@.HR > 130)."start time"

Using filter expressions at different nesting levels is also allowed. The following example first filters all segments by location, and then returns high heart rate values for these segments, if available:

$.track.segments[*] ? (@.location[1] < 13.4).HR ? (@ > 130)

You can also nest filter expressions within each other:

$.track ? (exists(@.segments[*] ? (@.HR > 130))).segments.size()

Operator/Method Description Example(s)
`number` `+` `number` → `number` Addition `jsonb_path_query(‘[2]‘, ‘$[0] + 3‘)` → `5`
`+` `number` → `number` Unary plus (no operation); unlike addition, this can iterate over multiple values `jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"x": [2,3,4]}‘, ‘+ $.x‘)` → `[2, 3, 4]`
`number` `-` `number` → `number` Subtraction `jsonb_path_query(‘[2]‘, ‘7 - $[0]‘)` → `5`
`-` `number` → `number` Negation; unlike subtraction, this can iterate over multiple values `jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"x": [2,3,4]}‘, ‘- $.x‘)` → `[-2, -3, -4]`
`number` `` `number`* → `number` Multiplication `jsonb_path_query(‘[4]‘, ‘2 * $[0]‘)` → `8`
`number` `/` `number` → `number` Division `jsonb_path_query(‘[8.5]‘, ‘$[0] / 2‘)` → `4.2500000000000000`
`number` `%` `number` → `number` Modulo (remainder) `jsonb_path_query(‘[32]‘, ‘$[0] % 10‘)` → `2`
`value` `.` `type()` → `string` Type of the JSON item (see `json_typeof`) `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, "2", {}]‘, ‘$[*].type()‘)` → `["number", "string", "object"]`
`value` `.` `size()` → `number` Size of the JSON item (number of array elements, or 1 if not an array) `jsonb_path_query(‘{"m": [11, 15]}‘, ‘$.m.size()‘)` → `2`
`value` `.` `double()` → `number` Approximate floating-point number converted from a JSON number or string `jsonb_path_query(‘{"len": "1.9"}‘, ‘$.len.double() * 2‘)` → `3.8`
`number` `.` `ceiling()` → `number` Nearest integer greater than or equal to the given number `jsonb_path_query(‘{"h": 1.3}‘, ‘$.h.ceiling()‘)` → `2`
`number` `.` `floor()` → `number` Nearest integer less than or equal to the given number `jsonb_path_query(‘{"h": 1.7}‘, ‘$.h.floor()‘)` → `1`
`number` `.` `abs()` → `number` Absolute value of the given number `jsonb_path_query(‘{"z": -0.3}‘, ‘$.z.abs()‘)` → `0.3`
`string` `.` `datetime()` → `datetime_type` (see note) Date/time value converted from a string `jsonb_path_query(‘["2015-8-1", "2015-08-12"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.datetime() < "2015-08-2".datetime())‘)` → `"2015-8-1"`
`string` `.` `datetime(template)` → `datetime_type` (see note) Date/time value converted from a string using the specified `to_timestamp` template `jsonb_path_query_array(‘["12:30", "18:40"]‘, ‘$[*].datetime("HH24:MI")‘)` → `["12:30:00", "18:40:00"]`
`object` `.` `keyvalue()` → `array` The object‘s key-value pairs, represented as an array of objects containing three fields: `"key"`, `"value"`, and `"id"`; `"id"` is a unique identifier of the object the key-value pair belongs to `jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"x": "20", "y": 32}‘, ‘$.keyvalue()‘)` → `[{"id": 0, "key": "x", "value": "20"}, {"id": 0, "key": "y", "value": 32}]`

Operator/Method

Description

Example(s)

number + number → number

Addition

jsonb_path_query(‘[2]‘, ‘$[0] + 3‘) → 5

+ number → number

Unary plus (no operation); unlike addition, this can iterate over multiple values

jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"x": [2,3,4]}‘, ‘+ $.x‘) → [2, 3, 4]

number - number → number

Subtraction

jsonb_path_query(‘[2]‘, ‘7 - $[0]‘) → 5

- number → number

Negation; unlike subtraction, this can iterate over multiple values

jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"x": [2,3,4]}‘, ‘- $.x‘) → [-2, -3, -4]

number * number → number

Multiplication

jsonb_path_query(‘[4]‘, ‘2 * $[0]‘) → 8

number / number → number

Division

jsonb_path_query(‘[8.5]‘, ‘$[0] / 2‘) → 4.2500000000000000

number % number → number

Modulo (remainder)

jsonb_path_query(‘[32]‘, ‘$[0] % 10‘) → 2

value . type() → string

Type of the JSON item (see json_typeof)

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, "2", {}]‘, ‘$[*].type()‘) → ["number", "string", "object"]

value . size() → number

Size of the JSON item (number of array elements, or 1 if not an array)

jsonb_path_query(‘{"m": [11, 15]}‘, ‘$.m.size()‘) → 2

value . double() → number

Approximate floating-point number converted from a JSON number or string

jsonb_path_query(‘{"len": "1.9"}‘, ‘$.len.double() * 2‘) → 3.8

number . ceiling() → number

Nearest integer greater than or equal to the given number

jsonb_path_query(‘{"h": 1.3}‘, ‘$.h.ceiling()‘) → 2

number . floor() → number

Nearest integer less than or equal to the given number

jsonb_path_query(‘{"h": 1.7}‘, ‘$.h.floor()‘) → 1

number . abs() → number

Absolute value of the given number

jsonb_path_query(‘{"z": -0.3}‘, ‘$.z.abs()‘) → 0.3

string . datetime() → datetime_type (see note)

Date/time value converted from a string

jsonb_path_query(‘["2015-8-1", "2015-08-12"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.datetime() < "2015-08-2".datetime())‘) → "2015-8-1"

string . datetime(template) → datetime_type (see note)

Date/time value converted from a string using the specified to_timestamp template

jsonb_path_query_array(‘["12:30", "18:40"]‘, ‘$[*].datetime("HH24:MI")‘) → ["12:30:00", "18:40:00"]

object . keyvalue() → array

The object‘s key-value pairs, represented as an array of objects containing three fields: "key", "value", and "id"; "id" is a unique identifier of the object the key-value pair belongs to

jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"x": "20", "y": 32}‘, ‘$.keyvalue()‘) → [{"id": 0, "key": "x", "value": "20"}, {"id": 0, "key": "y", "value": 32}]

Predicate/Value Description Example(s)
`value` `==` `value` → `boolean` Equality comparison (this, and the other comparison operators, work on all JSON scalar values) `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, "a", 1, 3]‘, ‘$[] ? (@ == 1)‘)` → `[1, 1]` `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, "a", 1, 3]‘, ‘$[] ? (@ == "a")‘)` → `["a"]`
`value` `!=` `value` → `boolean` `value` `<>` `value` → `boolean` Non-equality comparison `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 1, 3]‘, ‘$[] ? (@ != 1)‘)` → `[2, 3]` `jsonb_path_query_array(‘["a", "b", "c"]‘, ‘$[] ? (@ <> "b")‘)` → `["a", "c"]`
`value` `<` `value` → `boolean` Less-than comparison `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ < 2)‘)` → `[1]`
`value` `<=` `value` → `boolean` Less-than-or-equal-to comparison `jsonb_path_query_array(‘["a", "b", "c"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ <= "b")‘)` → `["a", "b"]`
`value` `>` `value` → `boolean` Greater-than comparison `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ > 2)‘)` → `[3]`
`value` `>=` `value` → `boolean` Greater-than-or-equal-to comparison `jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ >= 2)‘)` → `[2, 3]`
`true` → `boolean` JSON constant `true` `jsonb_path_query(‘[{"name": "John", "parent": false}, {"name": "Chris", "parent": true}]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.parent == true)‘)` → `{"name": "Chris", "parent": true}`
`false` → `boolean` JSON constant `false` `jsonb_path_query(‘[{"name": "John", "parent": false}, {"name": "Chris", "parent": true}]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.parent == false)‘)` → `{"name": "John", "parent": false}`
`null` → `value` JSON constant `null` (note that, unlike in SQL, comparison to `null` works normally) `jsonb_path_query(‘[{"name": "Mary", "job": null}, {"name": "Michael", "job": "driver"}]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.job == null) .name‘)` → `"Mary"`
`boolean` `&&` `boolean` → `boolean` Boolean AND `jsonb_path_query(‘[1, 3, 7]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ > 1 && @ < 5)‘)` → `3`
`boolean` `\|\|` `boolean` → `boolean` Boolean OR `jsonb_path_query(‘[1, 3, 7]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ < 1 \|\| @ > 5)‘)` → `7`
`!` `boolean` → `boolean` Boolean NOT `jsonb_path_query(‘[1, 3, 7]‘, ‘$[*] ? (!(@ < 5))‘)` → `7`
`boolean` `is unknown` → `boolean` Tests whether a Boolean condition is `unknown`. `jsonb_path_query(‘[-1, 2, 7, "foo"]‘, ‘$[*] ? ((@ > 0) is unknown)‘)` → `"foo"`
`string` `like_regex` `string` [ `flag` `string` ] → `boolean` Tests whether the first operand matches the regular expression given by the second operand, optionally with modifications described by a string of `flag` characters (see Section 9.16.2.3). `jsonb_path_query_array(‘["abc", "abd", "aBdC", "abdacb", "babc"]‘, ‘$[] ? (@ like_regex "^ab.c")‘)` → `["abc", "abdacb"]` `jsonb_path_query_array(‘["abc", "abd", "aBdC", "abdacb", "babc"]‘, ‘$[] ? (@ like_regex "^ab.c" flag "i")‘)` → `["abc", "aBdC", "abdacb"]`
`string` `starts with` `string` → `boolean` Tests whether the second operand is an initial substring of the first operand. `jsonb_path_query(‘["John Smith", "Mary Stone", "Bob Johnson"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ starts with "John")‘)` → `"John Smith"`
`exists` `(` `path_expression` `)` → `boolean` Tests whether a path expression matches at least one SQL/JSON item. Returns `unknown` if the path expression would result in an error; the second example uses this to avoid a no-such-key error in strict mode. `jsonb_path_query(‘{"x": [1, 2], "y": [2, 4]}‘, ‘strict $.* ? (exists (@ ? (@[*] > 2)))‘)` → `[2, 4]` `jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"value": 41}‘, ‘strict $ ? (exists (@.name)) .name‘)` → `[]`

Predicate/Value

Description

Example(s)

value == value → boolean

Equality comparison (this, and the other comparison operators, work on all JSON scalar values)

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, "a", 1, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ == 1)‘) → [1, 1]

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, "a", 1, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ == "a")‘) → ["a"]

value != value → boolean

value <> value → boolean

Non-equality comparison

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 1, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ != 1)‘) → [2, 3]

jsonb_path_query_array(‘["a", "b", "c"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ <> "b")‘) → ["a", "c"]

value < value → boolean

Less-than comparison

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ < 2)‘) → [1]

value <= value → boolean

Less-than-or-equal-to comparison

jsonb_path_query_array(‘["a", "b", "c"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ <= "b")‘) → ["a", "b"]

value > value → boolean

Greater-than comparison

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ > 2)‘) → [3]

value >= value → boolean

Greater-than-or-equal-to comparison

jsonb_path_query_array(‘[1, 2, 3]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ >= 2)‘) → [2, 3]

true → boolean

JSON constant true

jsonb_path_query(‘[{"name": "John", "parent": false}, {"name": "Chris", "parent": true}]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.parent == true)‘) → {"name": "Chris", "parent": true}

false → boolean

JSON constant false

jsonb_path_query(‘[{"name": "John", "parent": false}, {"name": "Chris", "parent": true}]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.parent == false)‘) → {"name": "John", "parent": false}

null → value

JSON constant null (note that, unlike in SQL, comparison to null works normally)

jsonb_path_query(‘[{"name": "Mary", "job": null}, {"name": "Michael", "job": "driver"}]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@.job == null) .name‘) → "Mary"

boolean && boolean → boolean

Boolean AND

jsonb_path_query(‘[1, 3, 7]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ > 1 && @ < 5)‘) → 3

boolean || boolean → boolean

Boolean OR

jsonb_path_query(‘[1, 3, 7]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ < 1 || @ > 5)‘) → 7

! boolean → boolean

Boolean NOT

jsonb_path_query(‘[1, 3, 7]‘, ‘$[*] ? (!(@ < 5))‘) → 7

boolean is unknown → boolean

Tests whether a Boolean condition is unknown.

jsonb_path_query(‘[-1, 2, 7, "foo"]‘, ‘$[*] ? ((@ > 0) is unknown)‘) → "foo"

string like_regex string [ flag string ] → boolean

Tests whether the first operand matches the regular expression given by the second operand, optionally with modifications described by a string of flag characters (see Section 9.16.2.3).

jsonb_path_query_array(‘["abc", "abd", "aBdC", "abdacb", "babc"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ like_regex "^ab.*c")‘) → ["abc", "abdacb"]

jsonb_path_query_array(‘["abc", "abd", "aBdC", "abdacb", "babc"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ like_regex "^ab.*c" flag "i")‘) → ["abc", "aBdC", "abdacb"]

string starts with string → boolean

Tests whether the second operand is an initial substring of the first operand.

jsonb_path_query(‘["John Smith", "Mary Stone", "Bob Johnson"]‘, ‘$[*] ? (@ starts with "John")‘) → "John Smith"

exists ( path_expression ) → boolean

Tests whether a path expression matches at least one SQL/JSON item. Returns unknown if the path expression would result in an error; the second example uses this to avoid a no-such-key error in strict mode.

jsonb_path_query(‘{"x": [1, 2], "y": [2, 4]}‘, ‘strict $.* ? (exists (@ ? (@[*] > 2)))‘) → [2, 4]

jsonb_path_query_array(‘{"value": 41}‘, ‘strict $ ? (exists (@.name)) .name‘) → []

9.16.2.3. SQL/JSON Regular Expressions

SQL/JSON path expressions allow matching text to a regular expression with the like_regex filter. For example, the following SQL/JSON path query would case-insensitively match all strings in an array that start with an English vowel:

$[*] ? (@ like_regex "^[aeiou]" flag "i")

The optional flag string may include one or more of the characters i for case-insensitive match, m to allow ^ and $ to match at newlines, s to allow . to match a newline, and q to quote the whole pattern (reducing the behavior to a simple substring match).

The SQL/JSON standard borrows its definition for regular expressions from the LIKE_REGEX operator, which in turn uses the XQuery standard. PostgreSQL does not currently support the LIKE_REGEX operator. Therefore, the like_regex filter is implemented using the POSIX regular expression engine described in Section 9.7.3. This leads to various minor discrepancies from standard SQL/JSON behavior, which are cataloged in Section 9.7.3.8. Note, however, that the flag-letter incompatibilities described there do not apply to SQL/JSON, as it translates the XQuery flag letters to match what the POSIX engine expects.

Keep in mind that the pattern argument of like_regex is a JSON path string literal, written according to the rules given in Section 8.14.6. This means in particular that any backslashes you want to use in the regular expression must be doubled. For example, to match strings that contain only digits:

$ ? (@ like_regex "^\\d+$")

postgresql —— json

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9.16.2.3. SQL/JSON Regular Expressions

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