单例模式

单例模式是一种常见的软件设计模式，该模式的主要目的是确保某一类的只有一个实例存在。当你希望在整个系统中，某个类只能出现一个实例时，单例对象就能排上用场了。

实现单例模式的几种方式

1、使用模块

class Singleton(object):
    def foo(self):
        pass
singleton = Singleton()
	将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py 中，要使用时，直接在其他文件中导入此文件中的对象，这个对象即是单例模式的对象

2、使用装饰器

def Singleton(cls):
    _instance = {}

    def _singleton(*args, **kargs):
        if cls not in _instance:
            _instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs)
        return _instance[cls]

    return _singleton


@Singleton
class A(object):
    a = 1

    def __init__(self, x=0):
        self.x = x


a1 = A(2)
a2 = A(3)

3、使用类

import time
import threading
class Singleton(object):
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()

    def __init__(self):
        time.sleep(1)

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        with Singleton._instance_lock:
            if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
                Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
        return Singleton._instance


def task(arg):
    obj = Singleton.instance()
    print(obj)
for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
    t.start()
time.sleep(20)
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
未加锁部分并发执行,加锁部分串行执行,速度降低,但是保证了数据安全

4、基于__new__方法实现（推荐使用，方便）

import threading
class Singleton(object):
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()

    def __init__(self):
        pass


    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
            with Singleton._instance_lock:
                if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
                    Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls)  
        return Singleton._instance

obj1 = Singleton()
obj2 = Singleton()
print(obj1,obj2)

def task(arg):
    obj = Singleton()
    print(obj)

for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
    t.start()
# 采用这种方式的单例模式，以后实例化对象时，和平时实例化对象的方法一样 obj = Singleton() 

5、基于metaclass方式实现

import threading

class SingletonType(type):
    _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
            with SingletonType._instance_lock:
                if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
                    cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instance

class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name


obj1 = Foo(‘name‘)
obj2 = Foo(‘name‘)
print(obj1,obj2)

单例模式