Linux主机如何添加路由

2022-04-13 04:02:52

记录一些自己的心得以及方法，本着共同学习，互相进步为目的。本次总结了Linux主机路由的配置，欢迎大家评论留言，主机网络对接调测时，有时候需要进行主机路由配置，实现与某台主机或者某段网段互通（以下是主机路由配置，均在试验机上操作，并且在实际工程环境中有验证过，目前配置过的OS有Redhat6.8、Redhat6.9、centos7.7）。

一、主机环境：

1、系统版本：

root@mysql1:/root>cat /etc/redhat-release 
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.9 (Santiago)

2、主机IP配置情况：

root@mysql1:/root>hostname -I
192.168.100.11 192.168.100.110 10.10.10.110 
root@mysql1:/root>

所以，本次操作主机配置了3个IP地地址，网口对应情况如下：

(1)eth0：192.168.100.11
(2)bond0：192.168.100.110
(3)bond1：10.10.10.110

3、查看路由表命令：
netstat -rn 或者 route -n
4、route命令的语法：
关于route命令的语法这里就不多说了，有兴趣的朋友可以自行在命令行界面执行man route查看。

一、操作

一）默认路由：
1、添加临时默认路由：
root@mysql1:/>route add default gw 192.168.100.1 dev bond0
查看结果如下：

root@mysql1:/root>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/root>

2、以上操作重启网络或者重启主机后就会失效，那么如何让主机重启或者网络重启后自动加载呢？这时候就需要写入配置让主机自动加载，操作如下：

root@mysql1:/root>cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>cp ifcfg-bond0 ifcfg-bond0.bak
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>echo -e 'GATEWAY=192.168.100.1' >>ifcfg-bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

3、删除默认路由，操作命令如下：
root@mysql1:/>route del default gw 192.168.100.1 dev bond0
查看结果如下：

root@mysql1:/root>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
root@mysql1:/root>

4、重启网络验证如下（重启主机也正常）：

root@mysql1:/root>service network restart
Shutting down interface bond0:                             [  OK  ]
Shutting down interface bond1:                             [  OK  ]
Shutting down loopback interface:                          [  OK  ]
Bringing up loopback interface:                            [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface bond0:  Determining if ip address 192.168.100.110 is already in use for device bond0...
                                                           [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface bond1:  Determining if ip address 10.10.10.110 is already in use for device bond1...
                                                           [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface eth0:  Determining if ip address 192.168.100.11 is already in use for device eth0...
                                                           [  OK  ]
root@mysql1:/root>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/root>

主机默认路由一般只有一个，建议默认路由走内网，当然也可以不存在，其他路由我们可以通过配置详细路由，具体请往后看。

二）指定主机路由
1、临时添加一台主机的路由，比如:10.10.110.11，操作如下：
root@mysql1:/root>route add -host 10.10.110.11 gw 10.10.10.1 dev bond1
查看结果如下：

root@mysql1:/root>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
10.10.110.11    10.10.10.1      255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond1
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/root>

2、以上操作重启网络或者重启主机后就会失效，那么如何让主机重启或者网络重启后自动加载呢？这时候就需要写入配置让主机自动加载，操作如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>cat >> route-bond1
10.10.110.11/32 via 10.10.10.1
^C
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>ls -ltr route-bond1 
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 May 12 22:22 route-bond1
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

或者：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>cat >>route-bond1
ADDRESS0=10.10.110.11
NETMASK0=255.255.255.255
GATEWAY0=10.10.10.1
^C
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

如果有多条路由走的是bond1，则继续添加即可，如：

ADDRESS1=xx.xx.xx.xx
NETMASK1=xx.xx.xx.xx
GATEWAY1=xx.xx.xx.xx

3、删除主机路由，操作命令如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>route del -host 10.10.110.11 gw 10.10.10.1 dev bond1
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

以上两种方法都可以进行操作，看个人喜欢。
查看结果如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

4、重启网络验证如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
10.10.110.11    10.10.10.1      255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond1
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>service network restart
Shutting down interface bond0:                             [  OK  ]
Shutting down interface bond1:                             [  OK  ]
Shutting down loopback interface:                          [  OK  ]
Bringing up loopback interface:                            [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface bond0:  Determining if ip address 192.168.100.110 is already in use for device bond0...
                                                           [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface bond1:  Determining if ip address 10.10.10.110 is already in use for device bond1...
                                                           [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface eth0:  Determining if ip address 192.168.100.11 is already in use for device eth0...
                                                           [  OK  ]
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
10.10.110.11    10.10.10.1      255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond1
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

添加一个网段的路由与添加主机路由操作是相同的，网段路由的添加请继续往下看。

三）指定网段路由
1、临时添加一个网段的路由，比如:172.16.0.0/16，操作如下：

root@mysql1:/root>route add -net 172.16.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.100.1 dev bond0
root@mysql1:/root>

查看结果如下：

root@mysql1:/root>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
10.10.110.11    10.10.10.1      255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond1
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
172.16.0.0      192.168.100.1   255.255.0.0     UG        0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/root>

2、以上操作重启网络或者重启主机后就会失效，那么如何让主机重启或者网络重启后自动加载呢？这时候就需要写入配置让主机自动加载，操作如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>cat >> route-bond0
172.16.0.0/16 via 192.168.100.1
^C
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>ls -ltr route-bond0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32 May 12 22:54 route-bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

或者：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>>route-bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>cat >>route-bond0
ADDRESS0=172.16.0.0
NETMASK0=255.255.255.255
GATEWAY0=192.168.100.1
^C
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

如果有多条路由走的是bond1，则继续添加即可，如：

ADDRESS1=xx.xx.xx.xx
NETMASK1=xx.xx.xx.xx
GATEWAY1=xx.xx.xx.xx

3、删除网段路由，操作命令如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>route del -net 172.16.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.100.1 dev bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
10.10.110.11    10.10.10.1      255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond1
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

4、重启网卡验证如下：

root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>service network restart
Shutting down interface bond0:                             [  OK  ]
Shutting down interface bond1:                             [  OK  ]
Shutting down loopback interface:                          [  OK  ]
Bringing up loopback interface:                            [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface bond0:  Determining if ip address 192.168.100.110 is already in use for device bond0...
                                                           [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface bond1:  Determining if ip address 10.10.10.110 is already in use for device bond1...
                                                           [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface eth0:  Determining if ip address 192.168.100.11 is already in use for device eth0...
                                                           [  OK  ]
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
10.10.110.11    10.10.10.1      255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond1
172.16.0.0      192.168.100.1   255.255.255.255 UGH       0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 bond0
192.168.100.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 bond1
10.0.0.0        0.0.0.0         255.0.0.0       U         0 0          0 bond1
0.0.0.0         192.168.100.1   0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 bond0
root@mysql1:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts>

二、建议：

在网络的配置目录下，如果没有添加route-bondX路由，重启网络路由会缺失，在现网环境中，这会造成业务中断，影响正常业务；通常有人习惯把路由写进入rc.local，其实也可以，但是不建议这么操作，虽然主机重启的情况下，可以通过rc.local加载路由；如果添加route-bondX路由，无论主机或者网络重启都要去加载相关文件，可以减少路由缺失造成的麻烦。因此，建议将路由写入route-bondX文件。

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