浅复制(拷贝)
浅复制:如果容器中有可变对象如,列表,字典等,那么副本中存在的是源容器可变对象的引用
复制列表的两种方式:
>>> L1 = [1,2,3,4]
>>> L2 = list(L1) # 方式一
>>> L3 = L1[:] # 方式二
>>> L1 == L2 == L3
True
>>> L1 is L2
False
>>> L2 is L3
False
深拷贝
深复制:副本不共享内部对象的引用,copy 模块的deepcopy()做深复制, copy()做浅复制
实例代码:
import copy
class Bus:
def __init__(self, passengers=None):
if passengers is None:
self.passengers = []
else:
self.passengers = list(passengers)
def pick(self, name):
self.passengers.append(name)
def drop(self, name):
self.passengers.remove(name)
if __name__ == '__main__':
bus1 = Bus(['zhangfei', 'zhugeliang', 'zhaoyun', 'liubei'])
bus2 = copy.copy(bus1) # 浅复制
bus3 = copy.deepcopy(bus1) # 深复制
print(id(bus1), id(bus2), id(bus3)) # out: 2154872061904 2154872061376 2154872056672
bus1.drop('zhugeliang')
print(bus2.passengers) # out: ['zhangfei', 'zhaoyun', 'liubei']
# out: 2847485108864 2847485108864 2847481853376
# bus1 和 bus2 的 passengers 共享,因为浅拷贝
print(id(bus1.passengers), id(bus2.passengers), id(bus3.passengers))
print(bus3.passengers) # out: ['zhangfei', 'zhugeliang', 'zhaoyun', 'liubei'] 没有变化
不要使用可变参数做默认值
在函数内部如果有传入可变参数,最好使用副本操作,这样不会影响外部,除非这个方法方法确实想修改通过参数传入的对象