CSS--常用的布局layout

2022-03-02 02:11:33

概要

页面布局是项目开发首要考虑的问题，做好页面的布局就相当于房子有了一个稳定的地基，所以掌握常用的页面布局的使用场景和原理是十分必要的。

两栏布局

左侧固定宽度, 右侧自适应

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>两栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      height: 100%;
    }

    .left {
      float: left;
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      height: 100%;
      margin-left: 300px;
      background-color: coral;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="left"></div>
    <div class="right"></div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

右侧固定宽度, 左侧自适应

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>两栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      height: 100%;
    }

    .left {
      height: 100%;
      margin-right: 300px;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      float: right;
      height: 100%;
      width: 300px;
      background-color: coral;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="right"></div>
    <div class="left"></div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

三栏布局

方式1: float布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>三栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      height: 100%;
    }

    .left {
      height: 100%;
      float: left;
      width: 300px;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      float: right;
      height: 100%;
      width: 300px;
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .center {
      margin-left: 300px;
      margin-right: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: darkgray;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    .container::after {
      content: ‘‘;
      display: block;
      clear: both;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="left"></div>
    <div class="right"></div>
    <div class="center">
      <h2>浮动布局</h2>
    </div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

注意: 很多前端同学在做页面开发的时候都遇到过这样的问题。给一个div内部的div设置一个margin-top，结果它的父级跟着它一起下移了。css在盒模型中规定：所有毗邻的两个或更多盒元素的margin将会合并为一个margin共享之。毗邻的定义为：同级或者嵌套的盒元素，并且它们之间没有非空内容、Padding或Border分隔。通俗解释就是: 父元素的第一个子元素的上边距margin-top如果碰不到有效的border或者padding.就会不断一层一层的找自己“领导”(父元素，祖先元素)的麻烦。只要给领导设置个有效的 border或者padding就可以有效的管制这个目无领导的 margin 它越级，假传圣旨，把自己的margin当领导的margin执行。

解决方法

让父级具有“包裹性”
将父级over-flow设为hidden
将父级display设为inline-block
将父级float或absolute
改变父级的结构
给父元素设置padding
给父元素设置透明border

方式2: Position布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>三栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      height: 100%;
      position: relative;
    }

    .left {
      position: absolute;
      left: 0;
      height: 100%;
      width: 300px;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      position: absolute;
      right: 0;
      height: 100%;
      width: 300px;
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .center {
      position: absolute;
      height: 100%;
      left: 300px;
      right: 300px;
      background-color: darkgray;
      overflow: hidden;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="left"></div>
    <div class="center">
      <h1>绝对定位布局</h1>
    </div>
    <div class="right"></div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

方式3: table布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>三栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      display: table;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .left, .right, .center {
      display: table-cell;
    }

    .left {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .center {
      height: 100%;
      background-color: darkgray;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="left"></div>
    <div class="center">
      <h1>table布局</h1>
    </div>
    <div class="right"></div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

方式4: 弹性(flex)布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>三栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      display: flex;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .left {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .center {
      flex:1;
      word-break: break-word;
      background-color: darkgray;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="left"></div>
    <div class="center">
      <h1>flex布局</h1>
    </div>
    <div class="right"></div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

方式5: 网格(gird)布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>三栏布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      display: grid;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      grid-template-columns: 300px auto 300px;
    }

    .left {
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .center {
      background-color: darkgray;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }

  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="left"></div>
    <div class="center">
      <h1>grid布局</h1>
    </div>
    <div class="right"></div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

圣杯布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>圣杯布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      height: 100%;
      padding: 0 300px;
    }

    .left, .right, .main {
      float: left;
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .left {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      margin-left: -100%;
      left: -300px;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      margin-left: -300px;
      right: -300px;
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .main {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: darkgray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="main">
      <h1>圣杯布局</h1>
    </div>
    <div class="left">left</div>
    <div class="right">right</div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

双飞翼布局

代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>圣杯布局</title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
      height: 100%;
    }

    .container {
      height: 100%;
    }

    .left, .right, .main {
      float: left;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .left {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      margin-left: -100%;
      background-color: chartreuse;
    }

    .right {
      width: 300px;
      height: 100%;
      margin-left: -300px;
      background-color: coral;
    }

    .main {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: darkgray;
    }

    .content {
      margin: 0 300px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div class="main">
      <div class="content">
        <h1>双飞翼布局</h1>
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="left">left</div>
    <div class="right">right</div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

效果

CSS--常用的布局layout

码农公寓

概要

两栏布局

左侧固定宽度, 右侧自适应

右侧固定宽度, 左侧自适应

三栏布局

方式1: float布局

方式2: Position布局

方式3: table布局

方式4: 弹性(flex)布局

方式5: 网格(gird)布局

圣杯布局

双飞翼布局

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