Spring Data JPA:解析CriteriaBuilder

源码

在Spring Data JPA相关的文章[地址]中提到了有哪几种方式可以构建Specification的实例,该处需要借助CriteriaBuilder,回顾一下Specification中toPredicate方法的定义,代码如下:

    /**
     * Creates a WHERE clause for a query of the referenced entity in form of a {@link Predicate} for the given
     * {@link Root} and {@link CriteriaQuery}.
     *
     * @param root must not be {@literal null}.
     * @param query must not be {@literal null}.
     * @param criteriaBuilder must not be {@literal null}.
     * @return a {@link Predicate}, may be {@literal null}.
     */
    @Nullable
    Predicate toPredicate(Root<T> root, CriteriaQuery<?> query, CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder);

 

CriteriaBuilder接口定义在包路径javax.persistence.criteria下,代码如下:

/**
 * Used to construct criteria queries, compound selections, 
 * expressions, predicates, orderings.
 *
 * <p> Note that <code>Predicate</code> is used instead of <code>Expression&#060;Boolean&#062;</code> 
 * in this API in order to work around the fact that Java 
 * generics are not compatible with varags.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface CriteriaBuilder {

 

CriteriaBuilder中的一些方法如下图所示:

Spring Data JPA:解析CriteriaBuilder

解读:

(1)CriteriaBuilder中的方法分为几个类别,譬如:ordering、aggregate functions、subqueries、equality、comparisons等等。

(2)CriteriaBuilder中的方法的返回值主要有CriteriaQuery、Expression、Predicate等几种类型。

 

示例

观察CriteriaBuilder中and方法与or方法的定义,如下:

    /**
     * Create a conjunction of the given boolean expressions.
     * @param x  boolean expression
     * @param y  boolean expression
     * @return and predicate
     */
    Predicate and(Expression<Boolean> x, Expression<Boolean> y);
    
    /**
     * Create a conjunction of the given restriction predicates.
     * A conjunction of zero predicates is true.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return and predicate
     */
    Predicate and(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Create a disjunction of the given boolean expressions.
     * @param x  boolean expression
     * @param y  boolean expression
     * @return or predicate
     */
    Predicate or(Expression<Boolean> x, Expression<Boolean> y);

    /**
     * Create a disjunction of the given restriction predicates.
     * A disjunction of zero predicates is false.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return or predicate
     */
    Predicate or(Predicate... restrictions);

解读:

上述and方法与or方法用于组合多个查询条件。

其中Predicate and(Predicate... restrictions);方法使用不定数参数Predicate... restrictions,使用and连接词连接起来,通常可以传入多个Predicate参数,最佳实践是传入一个数组。

 

具体案例——添加多个查询条件

  private Specification createSpecification(Integer specialId, String specialEmail) {
    Specification<User> specification = new Specification<>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<User> root, CriteriaQuery<?> query, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
        Path id = root.get("id");
        Predicate predicateId = cb.gt(id, specialId);

        Path email = root.get("email");
        Predicate predicateEmail = cb.equal(email, specialEmail);
        
        return cb.and(predicateId, predicateEmail);
      }
    };

    return specification;
  }

解读:

上述着色处代码以and方法将两个条件组合在一起


 

Predicate与Expression

从前面的分析可知,CriteriaBuilder中的很多方法接受Expression或者Predicate类型的参数,并返回Expression或者Predicate类型的结果,譬如上面提到的and方法,所以本小节来探寻一下Expression与Predicate之间的关系。

Expression与Predicate之间的关系如下图所示:

Spring Data JPA:解析CriteriaBuilder

解读:

Predicate接口继承了Expression接口,所以CriteriaBuilder中接受Expression类型参数的方法(譬如:and方法等)可以接受Predicate类型的参数,正如前面示例所展示的那样。

 

Note:

Path接口也继承了Expression接口,所以CriteriaBuilder中接受Expression类型参数的方法(譬如:lt方法)可以接受Path类型实例:

    Specification<User> specification = new Specification<>() {
      @Override
      public Predicate toPredicate(Root<User> root, CriteriaQuery<?> query, CriteriaBuilder cb) {
        Path<Integer> path = root.get("id");
        return cb.lt(path, id);
      }
    };

解读:

上述示例在构造了Path类型的变量后调用了lt方法,该方法的定义如下:

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is 
     * less than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return less-than predicate
     */
    Predicate lt(Expression<? extends Number> x, Number y);

 

 

Spring Data JPA:解析CriteriaBuilder

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