Service是什么?Service又不是什么?

2021-07-15 01:58:49

在Android王国中,Service是一个劳动模范,总是默默的在后台运行,无怨无悔,且总是干最脏最累的活,比如下载文件,倾听音乐,网络操作等这些耗时的操作,所以我们请尊重的叫他一声:"劳模,您辛苦了".

    带着这份好尊重,我又重新研读了API的文档,发现老外写东西还是很靠谱的,人家在文档中告诉你Service是什么,又告诉你Service又不是什么,我觉得这种思路不错,那就从这两个个方面开始谈起吧:
  1. Service是什么?
    1. A Service is an application component. ☆ Service 是一个应用程序组件
    2. that can perform long-running operations in the background. ☆ 它能在后台执行一些耗时较长的操作.
    3. and does not provide a user interface. ☆ 并且不提供用户界面
    4. Another application component can start a service and it will continue to run in the background event if the user switches to another application. ☆ 服务能被其它的应用程序组件启动,即使用户切换到其他的应用程序时还能保持在后台运行.
    5. Additionally,a component can bind to a service to interact with it and even perform interprocess communcation(IPC). ☆ 此外,组件还能绑定服务,并与服务交互,甚至执行进程间通信(IPC).
    6. For example,a service might handle network transactions,play music,perform file I/O,or interact with a content provider,all from the background. ☆ 比如,一个服务可以处理网络传输,听音乐,执行文件操作,或者与内容提供者进行交互,所有这些都在后台进行.
    7. A service can essentially tack two forms.☆ 服务有以下两种基本类型
      1. Started --> startService()
      2. Bound --> bindService()
  2. Service又不是什么?
    1. A service is not a separate process.☆ 服务不是一个单独的进程.
    2. A service is not a thread.it runs in the main thread of its hosting process. ☆ 服务不是一个线程,它运行在主线程.
    3. the service does not create its own thread and does not run in a separate process(unless you specify otherwise). ☆ 服务不能自己创建并且不能运行在单独的进程中(除非你明确指定).
    4. This means that, if your service is going to do any CPU intensive work ot blocking operations(such as MP3 playback or network). ☆ 这意味着如果你的服务要执行一些很耗CUP的工作或者阻塞的操作(比如播放mp3或网络操作),you should create a new thread within the service to do that work. ☆ 你应该在服务中创建一个新的线程来执行这些工作.
    5. By using a separate thread, you will reduce the risk of Application Not Responding(ANR) errors and the application's main thread can remain dedicated to user interaction with your activities. ☆ 利用一个分离的进程,将减少你的activities发生应用程序停止响应(ANR)错误的风险.
  3. 如何创建一个Started服务
    1. 继承service
      1. publicclassFirstServiceextendsService{
      2. privatestaticfinalString TAG ="--FirstService-->";
      3. publicFirstService(){
      4. Log.i(TAG,"Service is running.");
      5. }
      7. @Override
      8. publicvoid onCreate(){
      9. Log.i(TAG,"onCreate is running.");
      10. super.onCreate();
      11. }
      13. @Override
      14. publicint onStartCommand(Intent intent,int flags,int startId){
      15. Log.i(TAG,"onStartCommand is running.");
      16. returnsuper.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId);
      17. }
      19. @Override
      20. publicIBinder onBind(Intent intent){
      21. Log.i(TAG,"IBinder is running.");
      22. returnnull;
      23. }
      24. }
       
    2. 四大组件都需要在manifests.xml中注册,这个也不例外.
    3. 如何启动它
      1. Intent intent =newIntent(ServiceActivity.this,FirstService.class);
      2. startService(intent);
    4. 生命周期onCreate(), onStartCommand(), onDestory()就这三个生命周期
      1. --FirstService-->:Service is running.
      2. --FirstService-->: onCreate is running.
      3. --FirstService-->: onStartCommand is running.
    5. 我们在onStartCommand方法中打印下当前线程
      1. @Override
      2. publicint onStartCommand(Intent intent,int flags,int startId){
      3. Log.i(TAG,"onStartCommand is running.Thread:"+Thread.currentThread());
      4. returnsuper.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId);
      5. }
      打印结果如下:
      1. onStartCommand is running.Thread:Thread[main,5,main]
      验证了两点:①由于是第二次运行,构造方法和onStart都没有打印,说明服务一旦启动是默默运行在后台的;②服务是运行在主线程的 
    6. 如何结束服务:①调用stopService()方法 ,会回调service的onDestory()方法;
      1. Intent intent2 =newIntent(ServiceActivity.this,FirstService.class);
      2. stopService(intent2);
      还可以在Android系统设置-->应用-->正在运行-->找到后是如下样式,会告诉我们有一个服务在运行;
    7. Service是什么?Service又不是什么?
    8. onStartCommand的返回值:
      1. START_STICKY:粘性的,被意外中止后自动重启,重新调用onStartCommand(),但会丢失原来激活它的Intent,会用一个null intent来调用onStartCommand(),可以用于播放器.值为1
      2. START_NOT_STICKY:非粘性的,被意外中止后不会重启,除非还存在未发送的Intent,这是避免服务运行的最安全选项; 值为2
      3. START_REDELIVER_INTENT:粘性的且重新发送Intent,被意外中止后重新启动,且该service组件将得到用于激活它的Intent对象,这中服务适用于需要立即恢复工作的活跃服务,比如下载文件; 值为3
    9. onStartCommand的参数:
      1. @Override //第一个参数:为我们传入的intent;第二个flags:启动服务的方式,与返回值有关;第三个为我们启动service的次数.
      2. publicint onStartCommand(Intent intent,int flags,int startId){
      3. Log.i(TAG,"onStartCommand is running.Thread:"+Thread.currentThread());
      4. Log.i(TAG,"flags:"+flags);
      5. Log.i(TAG,"startId:"+startId);
      6. returnsuper.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId);
      7. }
      因为前面服务已经启动了,这次我们连续点了三次启动服务的按钮,打印日志如下:
      1. 11-1602:56:28.3859039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: onStartCommand is running.Thread:Thread[main,5,main]
      2. 11-1602:56:28.3859039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: flags:0
      3. 11-1602:56:28.3859039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: startId:2
      4. 11-1602:56:33.9859039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: onStartCommand is running.Thread:Thread[main,5,main]
      5. 11-1602:56:33.9859039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: flags:0
      6. 11-1602:56:33.9859039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: startId:3
      7. 11-1602:56:35.5359039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: onStartCommand is running.Thread:Thread[main,5,main]
      8. 11-1602:56:35.5359039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: flags:0
      9. 11-1602:56:35.5359039-9039/com.wanghx.androidstudy I/--FirstService-->: startId:4
      我们发现flags的值没有发生改变,而startId再按顺序增加.
  4. 如何启动一个绑定服务
    1. 在activity中创建一个内部类,继承ServiceConnection.
      1. classMyServiceConnectionimplementsServiceConnection{
      2. @Override
      3. publicvoid onServiceConnected(ComponentName name,IBinder service){
      4. Log.i(TAG,"onServiceConnected");
      5. }
      7. @Override
      8. publicvoid onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name){
      9. Log.i(TAG,"onServiceDisconnected");
      10. }
      11. }
       
    2. 在activity中定义一个成员connection
      1. privateMyServiceConnection connection =newMyServiceConnection();
       
    3. 在绑定服务按钮中加入绑定代码
      1. Intent intent3 =newIntent(ServiceActivity.this,FirstService.class);
      2. bindService(intent3, connection, BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
      按钮点击后打印如下日志:
      1. I/--FirstService-->:Service is running.
      2. I/--FirstService-->: onCreate is running.
      3. I/--FirstService-->:IBinder is running.
       
    4. 在解绑服务中加入代码,这里的connection必须和上边的绑定服务的connection实例一致.
      1. unbindService(connection);
       
  5. Service和Thread的关系
    1. 其实他两个没有一毛钱关系.只是因为service需要做耗时操作,需要重新建立一线程来处理工作,而不阻塞主线程;
    2. service是运行在主线程的;
    3. activity启动service后,即使activity被销毁了,如果没有主动关闭服务,服务还是会在后台默默运行的;
  6. 如何连接远程的service,只需要在manifests.xml中这样写即可
    1. <service
    2. android:name="com.example.servicetest.MyService"
    3. android:process=":remote">
    4. </service>
    如何让activity与远程的service进行通信呢?这就要使用AIDL进行跨进程通信(IPC)了.
  7. AIDL:Android Interface Definition Language:Android接口定义语言,它可以用于让多个service与多个应用程序组件之间进行跨进程通信;
  8. 这些都不是重点,我们还是弄一下在我们自己的程序中service与activity之间的通信吧;
    1. activity-->service 通过intent传递数据给service;
    2. activity调用onServiceConnected()中的IBind对象来访问service中的方法;
    3. IBinder通信的关键是利用activity中的IBinder对象获得service对象,然后调用方法;
      1. publicclassFirstServiceextendsService{
      2. privatestaticfinalString TAG ="FirstService-->";
      3. privateMyBinder myBinder =newMyBinder();
      5. publicFirstService(){
      6. Log.i(TAG,"Service is running.");
      7. }
      9. @Override
      10. publicvoid onCreate(){
      11. Log.i(TAG,"onCreate is running.");
      12. super.onCreate();
      13. }
      15. @Override
      16. publicint onStartCommand(Intent intent,int flags,int startId){
      17. String name = intent.getStringExtra("name");
      18. Log.i(TAG,"onStartCommand is running.Thread:"+Thread.currentThread());
      19. Log.i(TAG,"flags:"+flags);
      20. Log.i(TAG,"startId:"+startId);
      21. Log.i(TAG,"name:"+name);
      22. return START_STICKY;
      23. }
      25. @Override
      26. publicvoid onDestroy(){
      27. Log.i(TAG,"onDestroy is running.");
      28. super.onDestroy();
      29. }
      31. @Override
      32. publicIBinder onBind(Intent intent){
      33. Log.i(TAG,"IBinder is running.");
      34. return myBinder;
      35. }
      37. publicclassMyBinderextendsBinder{
      38. publicFirstService getService(){
      39. returnFirstService.this;
      40. }
      41. }
      43. publicint getRandomNumber(){
      44. returnnewRandom().nextInt(10)+1;
      45. }
      46. }
      1. publicclassServiceActivityextendsAppCompatActivityimplementsView.OnClickListener{
      2. privateMyServiceConnection connection =newMyServiceConnection();
      3. privatestaticfinalString TAG ="ServiceActivity-->";
      4. privateFirstService mFirstService;
      5. privateboolean isBinder;// 服务是否绑定
      7. @Override
      8. protectedvoid onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){
      9. super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
      10. setContentView(R.layout.activity_service);
      11. findViewById(R.id.btn_start_service).setOnClickListener(this);
      12. findViewById(R.id.btn_stop_service).setOnClickListener(this);
      13. findViewById(R.id.btn_bound_service).setOnClickListener(this);
      14. findViewById(R.id.btn_unbound_service).setOnClickListener(this);
      15. findViewById(R.id.btn_get_number).setOnClickListener(this);
      16. }
      18. @Override
      19. publicvoid onClick(View v){
      20. switch(v.getId()){
      21. case R.id.btn_start_service:
      22. Intent intent =newIntent(ServiceActivity.this,FirstService.class);
      23. intent.putExtra("name","Zhangsan");
      24. startService(intent);
      25. break;
      26. case R.id.btn_stop_service:
      27. Intent intent2 =newIntent(ServiceActivity.this,FirstService.class);
      28. stopService(intent2);
      29. break;
      30. case R.id.btn_bound_service:
      31. if(!isBinder){
      32. Intent intent3 =newIntent(ServiceActivity.this,FirstService.class);
      33. bindService(intent3, connection, BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
      34. isBinder =true;
      35. }
      36. break;
      37. case R.id.btn_unbound_service:
      38. if(isBinder){
      39. unbindService(connection);
      40. isBinder =false;
      41. }
      42. break;
      43. case R.id.btn_get_number:
      44. if(mFirstService ==null){
      45. Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"请先绑定服务",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
      46. }else{
      47. Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"得到的随机数为:"+ mFirstService.getRandomNumber(),Toast
      48. .LENGTH_SHORT).show();
      49. }
      50. break;
      51. }
      52. }
      54. classMyServiceConnectionimplementsServiceConnection{
      55. @Override
      56. publicvoid onServiceConnected(ComponentName name,IBinder service){
      57. Log.i(TAG,"onServiceConnected");
      58. FirstService.MyBinder myBinder =(FirstService.MyBinder) service;
      59. mFirstService = myBinder.getService();
      60. }
      62. @Override
      63. publicvoid onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name){
      64. Log.i(TAG,"onServiceDisconnected");
      65. }
      66. }
      67. }
      这里有一个小插曲:一起写出来大家分享下:记得以前学java基础时,老师曾说过一个java文件中只能有一个public类,类名称必须与java文件名相同,为什么这个FirstService中有两个public类,只是因为MyBinder虽然是一个public class,但是MyBinder是一个内部类,这里必须要用public修饰,否则其他包就访问不到这个内部类了;
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