*:first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important;
}
body>*:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}
/* BLOCKS
=============================================================================*/
p, blockquote, ul, ol, dl, table, pre {
margin: 15px 0;
}
/* HEADERS
=============================================================================*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
margin: 20px 0 10px;
padding: 0;
font-weight: bold;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
}
h1 tt, h1 code, h2 tt, h2 code, h3 tt, h3 code, h4 tt, h4 code, h5 tt, h5 code, h6 tt, h6 code {
font-size: inherit;
}
h1 {
font-size: 28px;
color: #000;
}
h2 {
font-size: 24px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
color: #000;
}
h3 {
font-size: 18px;
}
h4 {
font-size: 16px;
}
h5 {
font-size: 14px;
}
h6 {
color: #777;
font-size: 14px;
}
body>h2:first-child, body>h1:first-child, body>h1:first-child+h2, body>h3:first-child, body>h4:first-child, body>h5:first-child, body>h6:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0;
}
a:first-child h1, a:first-child h2, a:first-child h3, a:first-child h4, a:first-child h5, a:first-child h6 {
margin-top: 0;
padding-top: 0;
}
h1+p, h2+p, h3+p, h4+p, h5+p, h6+p {
margin-top: 10px;
}
/* LINKS
=============================================================================*/
a {
color: #4183C4;
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
/* LISTS
=============================================================================*/
ul, ol {
padding-left: 30px;
}
ul li > :first-child,
ol li > :first-child,
ul li ul:first-of-type,
ol li ol:first-of-type,
ul li ol:first-of-type,
ol li ul:first-of-type {
margin-top: 0px;
}
ul ul, ul ol, ol ol, ol ul {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
dl {
padding: 0;
}
dl dt {
font-size: 14px;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0 5px;
}
dl dt:first-child {
padding: 0;
}
dl dt>:first-child {
margin-top: 0px;
}
dl dt>:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0px;
}
dl dd {
margin: 0 0 15px;
padding: 0 15px;
}
dl dd>:first-child {
margin-top: 0px;
}
dl dd>:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0px;
}
/* CODE
=============================================================================*/
pre, code, tt {
font-size: 12px;
font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace;
}
code, tt {
margin: 0 0px;
padding: 0px 0px;
white-space: nowrap;
border: 1px solid #eaeaea;
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border-radius: 3px;
}
pre>code {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
white-space: pre;
border: none;
background: transparent;
}
pre {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 19px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 6px 10px;
border-radius: 3px;
}
pre code, pre tt {
background-color: transparent;
border: none;
}
kbd {
-moz-border-bottom-colors: none;
-moz-border-left-colors: none;
-moz-border-right-colors: none;
-moz-border-top-colors: none;
background-color: #DDDDDD;
background-image: linear-gradient(#F1F1F1, #DDDDDD);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
border-color: #DDDDDD #CCCCCC #CCCCCC #DDDDDD;
border-image: none;
border-radius: 2px 2px 2px 2px;
border-style: solid;
border-width: 1px;
font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
line-height: 10px;
padding: 1px 4px;
}
/* QUOTES
=============================================================================*/
blockquote {
border-left: 4px solid #DDD;
padding: 0 15px;
color: #777;
}
blockquote>:first-child {
margin-top: 0px;
}
blockquote>:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0px;
}
/* HORIZONTAL RULES
=============================================================================*/
hr {
clear: both;
margin: 15px 0;
height: 0px;
overflow: hidden;
border: none;
background: transparent;
border-bottom: 4px solid #ddd;
padding: 0;
}
/* TABLES
=============================================================================*/
table th {
font-weight: bold;
}
table th, table td {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
padding: 6px 13px;
}
table tr {
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
background-color: #fff;
}
table tr:nth-child(2n) {
background-color: #f8f8f8;
}
/* IMAGES
=============================================================================*/
img {
max-width: 100%
}
-->
装饰器
python中一切都是对象,对于函数来说也是一个对象,而且函数对象可以被赋值给变量,所以,通过变量也可以调用函数。
def test():
print("welcome to beijing")
test()
函数对象有一个name属性,可以拿到函数的名字:
test.__name__
>>test
如果,我们要增强函数test()函数的功能,比如,在函数前后自动打印日志,但又不希望修改test()函数的定义,这种在代码运行期间动态增加功能的方式,称之为“装饰器(Decorator)”。
def log(func):
def wrapper(*args,**kw):
print("where are you from?")
return func(*args,**kw)
return wrapper
@log
#调用装饰器时,下面需要有函数
def test():
print("welcome to beijing")
test()
观察上面的log,因为他是一个装饰器(decorator),所以接受一个函数作为参数,并返回一个函数。我们要借助Python@语法,把decorator置于函数定义处:
@log
def test():
print("welcome to beijing")
test()
调用test函数,不仅会运行函数本身,还会运行装饰器里面的内容 把@log放到test()函数的定义处,相当于执行了语句:
test=log(test)
由于log()是一个decorator,返回一个函数,所以,原来的test()函数仍然存在,只是现在同名的test变量指向了新的函数,于是调用test()将执行新的函数,即log()函数中返回的wrapper()函数。 wrapper()函数的参数的定义是(args,*kw),因此,wrapper()函数可以接受任意参数的调用。在wrapper()函数内,首先打印日志,再紧接着调用原始函数。 如果decorator本身需要传入参数,那就需要编写一个返回decorator的高阶函数,写出来会比较复杂。
如果说想在函数前后都需要添加相应的功能,比如一个页面函数前后添加登陆验证和打印信息,就需要用到三层嵌套,示例代码如下:
def Before(request,kargs):
print ('before')
def After(request,kargs):
print ('after')
def Filter(before_func,after_func):
def outer(main_func):
def wrapper(request,kargs):
before_result = before_func(request,kargs)
if(before_result != None):
return before_result;
main_result = main_func(request,kargs)
if(main_result != None):
return main_result;
after_result = after_func(request,kargs)
if(after_result != None):
return after_result;
return wrapper
return outer
@Filter(Before, After)
def Index(request,kargs):
print ('index')
Index('a','b')
下面先来说一下,三层代码的执行过程,原理和两层的是相同的。 1.依次将Before、After、Filter函数加载到内存中 2.加载装饰器 3.执行Filter()函数,加载outer()函数,返回return中的outer()函数,加载wrapper()函数,返回return中的wrapper()函数 4.执行Index()函数,并传入参数 5,执行wrapper()函数,