ArrayList是一个基于数组实现的链表(List),这一点可以从源码中看出:
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
可以看出ArrayList的内部是给予数组来处理的。
从ArrayList中查找一个元素的index,其时间复杂度是o(n),其源码如下所示:
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
ArrayList支持Clone,是使用Arrays.copyOf(Object[],int)来进行的:
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
ArrayList中根据index获取数组的时间复杂度是o(1),其源码如下:
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E elementData(int index) {
return (E) elementData[index];
} public E get(int index) {//看这里
rangeCheck(index); return elementData(index);
}
替换指定的位置的元素,时间复杂度也是o(1):
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index); E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
在末尾添加一个元素的时间复杂度也是o(1):
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
这里需要注意的是,其容量是可以扩展的,其可以扩展的最大容量是Integer.MAX_VALUE-8,由
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)
可以看出,每次是尝试扩容原来的1.5倍:
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
} ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
} private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++; // overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
} private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8; private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
添加到指定index位置的时间复杂度是o(n),这里需要先把这个位置以及之后的元素统一向后移一位:
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index); ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
删除指定index位置的元素时间复杂度也是o(n),这里需要把这个元素之后的所有的元素向前移一位:
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index); modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index); int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work return oldValue;
}
删除一个元素的时间复杂度也是o(n),显示查出来这个元素,删除,之后是把后面的元素向前进一位:
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
} private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
虽然在申明存储数组的时候,申明了不可被序列化,但是只要保存的对象是可序列化的,这个ArrayList还是可以序列化的:
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
int expectedModCount = modCount;
s.defaultWriteObject(); // Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
s.writeInt(size); // Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
} if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
} private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; // Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject(); // Read in capacity
s.readInt(); // ignored if (size > 0) {
// be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
ensureCapacityInternal(size); Object[] a = elementData;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
a[i] = s.readObject();
}
}
}
从以上的情况来看,ArrayList不是线程安全的,在进行index查找和最后插入的时候具有比较明显的时间复杂度优势。
但是,ArrayList的扩容操作,以及扩容产生的空间浪费一直是被人诟病的地方,另外在其中间进行插入的操作也不尽人意,时间复杂度是o(n)。