Architecture (origin: "chief" and "creator") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
Architecture is considered to be a form of art. The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles ( equivalent in modern English):
- Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition
- Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used
- Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible.
Chinese and Indian architecture have had great influence on the surrounding regions, while Japanese architecture has not. Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE. 《考工记》出于《周礼》，是中国春秋战国时期记述官营手工业各工种规范和制造工艺的文献。这部著作记述了齐国关于手工业各个工种的设计规范和制造工艺，书中保留有先秦大量的手工业生产技术、工艺美术资料，记载了一系列的生产管理和营建制度，一定程度上反映了当时的思想观念。《考工记》是中国所见年代最早关于手工业技术的文献，该书在中国科技史、工艺美术史和文化史上都占有重要地位。 在当时世界上也是独一无二的。全书共7100余字，记述了木工、金工、皮革、染色、刮磨、陶瓷等六大类30个工种的内容，反映出当时中国所达到的科技及工艺水平。此外《考工记》还有数学、地理学、力学、声学、建筑学等多方面的知识和经验总结。
BCE和BC是一个意思，前者before common era; 后者before Christ. AD和CE一个意思，后者common era; 前者Anno Domini.
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such as Spain, Albania, and the Balkan States, as the result of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onward, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods.
Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with a profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.
This is a timeline of architecture, indexing the individual year in architecture pages. Notable events in architecture and related disciplines including structural engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning. One significant architectural achievement is listed for each year.
2026 – The Sagrada Família is expected to be finished. also known as Gaudi’s Cathedral, 信仰的力量啊
2021 – The Tower in Dubai is set to be completed, and will become the tallest structure in the world at a rumored height of at least 1,300 meters (4,625 feet).
2019 – City Palace reconstruction in Berlin projected for completion.
2018 – The Wuhan Greenland Center in Wuhan is set to be completed and will become the tallest building in China when completed at 636 meters (2087 feet).
2017 – Apple's new headquarters Apple Park, designed by Norman Foster, opened in Cupertino, California.
2016 – MahaNakhon opens in Bangkok, Zaha Hadid dies.
2015 – Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, the tallest building in China and the second-tallest building in the world, gets completed, Charles Correa dies.
2014 – One World Trade Center opens in New York City.
2013 – Gran Torre Santiago is completed in Santiago.
2012 – The Tokyo Skytree opens in Tokyo, The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is open in London for the 2012 Summer Olympics, Oscar Niemeyer dies.
2011 – Al Hamra Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Kuwait, is completed.
2010 – Burj Khalifa became the tallest man-made structure in the world, at 828 metres (2,717 ft).
2009 – CityCenter opens on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. This project is the largest privately funded construction project in the history of the United States.
2008 – "Water Cube", "Bird's Nest", South railway station, and other buildings in Beijing, completed for the 2008 Summer Olympics.
六级/考研单词: construct, seldom, accord, equivalent, durable, robust, utility, aesthetic, strive, fulfil, attribute, secular, turkey, medieval, cathedral, onward, expertise, sustain, mainstream, issue, profound, educate, notable, meter, headquarters, foster, olympic, skyscraper, paradise, unite, cube, nest, railroad