转 Python爬虫入门三之Urllib库的基本使用

静觅 » Python爬虫入门三之Urllib库的基本使用

1.分分钟扒一个网页下来

怎样扒网页呢?其实就是根据URL来获取它的网页信息,虽然我们在浏览器中看到的是一幅幅优美的画面,但是其实是由浏览器解释才呈现出来的,实质它是一段HTML代码,加 JS、CSS,如果把网页比作一个人,那么HTML便是他的骨架,JS便是他的肌肉,CSS便是它的衣服。所以最重要的部分是存在于HTML中的,下面我们就写个例子来扒一个网页下来。

 import urllib2

 response = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")
print response.read()
<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索" /><link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/><title>百度一下,你就知道</title>
<style index="index" id="css_index">html,body{height:100%}html{overflow-y:auto}body{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}body,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}body,form,#fm{position:relative}td{text-align:left}img{border:0}a{color:#00c}a:active{color:#f60}input{border:0;padding:0}#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}#head{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center;*z-index:1}#ftCon{height:100px;position:absolute;bottom:23px;text-align:left;width:100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}.ftCon-Wrapper{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;*width:640px}#qrcode{display:inline-block;*float:left;*margin-top:4px}#qrcode .qrcode-item{float:left}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2{margin-left:33px}#qrcode .qrcode-img{float:left;width:60px;height:60px}#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_62c636fe.png) 0 0 no-repeat}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_510f7472.png) 0 0 no-repeat}
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.c-icon{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:text-bottom;font-style normal;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png) no-repeat 0 0;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}.c-icon-triangle-down-blue{background-position:-480px -168px}.c-icon-chevron-unfold2{background-position:-504px -168px}#m{width:720px;margin:0 auto}#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-align:left;text-indent:137px}.s_btn{width:95px;height:32px;padding-top:2px\9;font-size:14px;background-color:#ddd;background-position:0 -48px;cursor:pointer}.s_btn_h{background-position:-240px -48px}.s_btn_wr{width:97px;height:34px;display:inline-block;background-position:-120px -48px;*position:relative;z-index:0;vertical-align:top}#cp .c-icon-icrlogo,#jgwab .c-icon-jgwablogo{width:14px;height:17px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png) no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}
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id="kw" name="wd" class="s_ipt" value="" maxlength="255" autocomplete="off"></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type="submit" id="su" value="百度一下" class="bg s_btn"></span><span class="tools"><span id="mHolder"><div id="mCon"><span>输入法</span></div><ul id="mMenu"><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_hw">手写</a></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_py">拼音</a></li><li class="ln"></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_cl">关闭</a></li></ul></span></span><input type="hidden" name="rn" value=""><input type="hidden" name="oq" value=""><input type="hidden" name="rsv_pq" value="d23d24b700044722"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_t" value="8cc904QQ3NMChYqJ8Yi5FHV9NXS4yjETCNR5GCZPNfuTvg3AEIrN4Tkl3Ic"><input type="hidden" name="rqlang" value="cn"></form><div id="m"></div></div></div><div id="u"><a class="toindex" href="/">百度首页</a><a href="javascript:;" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">设置<i class="c-icon c-icon-triangle-down"></i></a><a 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href="http://wenku.baidu.com/search?word=&lm=0&od=0&ie=utf-8" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'wenku'})">文库</a><a href="//www.baidu.com/more/" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'more'})">更多»</a></div><div id="ftCon"><div class="ftCon-Wrapper"><div id="qrcode"><div class="qrcode-item qrcode-item-1"><div class="qrcode-img"></div><div class="qrcode-text"><p><b>手机百度</b></p><p><span>快人一步</span></p></div></div><div class="qrcode-item qrcode-item-2"><div class="qrcode-img"></div><div class="qrcode-text"><p><b>百度糯米</b></p><p><span>一元大餐</span></p></div></div></div><div id="ftConw"><p id="lh"><a id="seth" onClick="h(this)" href="/" onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'homepage','pos':0})">把百度设为主页</a><a id="setf" href="//www.baidu.com/cache/sethelp/help.html" onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'favorites','pos':0})" target="_blank">把百度设为主页</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_about'})" href="http://home.baidu.com">关于百度</a><a 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首先我们调用的是urllib库里面的urlopen方法,传入一个URL,这个网址是百度首页,协议是HTTP协议,当然你也可以把HTTP换做FTP,FILE,HTTPS 等等,只是代表了一种访问控制协议,urlopen一般接受三个参数,它的参数如下:

 
urlopen(url, data, timeout)

第一个参数url即为URL,第二个参数data是访问URL时要传送的数据,第三个timeout是设置超时时间。

第二三个参数是可以不传送的,data默认为空None,timeout默认为 socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT

第一个参数URL是必须要传送的,在这个例子里面我们传送了百度的URL,执行urlopen方法之后,返回一个response对象,返回信息便保存在这里面。

 
 

response对象有一个read方法,可以返回获取到的网页内容。

如果不加read直接打印会是什么?答案如下:

<addinfourl at 35934616 whose fp = <socket._fileobject object at 0x022416B0>>

直接打印出了该对象的描述,所以记得一定要加read方法,否则它不出来内容可就不怪我咯!

3.构造Requset

其实上面的urlopen参数可以传入一个request请求,它其实就是一个Request类的实例,构造时需要传入Url,Data等等的内容。比如上面的两行代码,我们可以这么改写

 
 import urllib2

 request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com")
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()
 

运行结果是完全一样的,只不过中间多了一个request对象,推荐大家这么写,因为在构建请求时还需要加入好多内容,通过构建一个request,服务器响应请求得到应答,这样显得逻辑上清晰明确。

4.POST和GET数据传送

上面的程序演示了最基本的网页抓取,不过,现在大多数网站都是动态网页,需要你动态地传递参数给它,它做出对应的响应。所以,在访问时,我们需要传递数据给它。最常见的情况是什么?对了,就是登录注册的时候呀。

把数据用户名和密码传送到一个URL,然后你得到服务器处理之后的响应,这个该怎么办?下面让我来为小伙伴们揭晓吧!

数据传送分为POST和GET两种方式,两种方式有什么区别呢?

最重要的区别是GET方式是直接以链接形式访问,链接中包含了所有的参数,当然如果包含了密码的话是一种不安全的选择,不过你可以直观地看到自己提交了什么内容。POST则不会在网址上显示所有的参数,不过如果你想直接查看提交了什么就不太方便了,大家可以酌情选择。

POST方式:

上面我们说了data参数是干嘛的?对了,它就是用在这里的,我们传送的数据就是这个参数data,下面演示一下POST方式。

 import urllib
import urllib2 values = {"username":"1016903103@qq.com","password":"XXXX"}
data = urllib.urlencode(values)
url = "https://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn"
request = urllib2.Request(url,data)
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()

我们引入了urllib库,现在我们模拟登陆CSDN,当然上述代码可能登陆不进去,因为还要做一些设置头部header的工作,或者还有一些参数没有设置全,还没有提及到在此就不写上去了,在此只是说明登录的原理。我们需要定义一个字典,名字为values,参数我设置了username和password,下面利用urllib的urlencode方法将字典编码,命名为data,构建request时传入两个参数,url和data,运行程序,即可实现登陆,返回的便是登陆后呈现的页面内容。当然你可以自己搭建一个服务器来测试一下。

注意上面字典的定义方式还有一种,下面的写法是等价的

 import urllib
import urllib2 values = {}
values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com"
values['password'] = "XXXX"
data = urllib.urlencode(values)
url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn"
request = urllib2.Request(url,data)
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()

GET方式:

至于GET方式我们可以直接把参数写到网址上面,直接构建一个带参数的URL出来即可。

 
 import urllib
import urllib2 values={}
values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com"
values['password']="XXXX"
data = urllib.urlencode(values)
url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login"
geturl = url + "?"+data
request = urllib2.Request(geturl)
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()

你可以print geturl,打印输出一下url,发现其实就是原来的url加?然后加编码后的参数

http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?username=1016903103%40qq.com&password=XXXX

和我们平常GET访问方式一模一样,这样就实现了数据的GET方式传送。

待补充

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