使用@property
在绑定属性时,如果直接把属性暴露出去,虽然写起来简单,但是没法检查参数,导致可以把成绩随便改:
>>> class Student(object):
pass >>> s =Student()
>>> s.score=999
>>> s.score
999
这显然不符合逻辑,为了限制score的范围,可以通过一个set_score()方法来设置成绩,再通过一个get_score()来获取成绩,这样,在set_score()方法里,就可以检查参数:
>>> class Student(object):
def get_score(self):
return self.score
def set_score(self,value):
if not isinstance(value,int):
raise ValueError("score must be an integer")
if value <0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError("score must between 0~100")
self.score = value >>> s = Student()
>>> s.set_score('a') Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#57>", line 1, in <module>
s.set_score('a')
File "<pyshell#54>", line 6, in set_score
raise ValueError("score must be an integer")
ValueError: score must be an integer
>>> s.set_score(99999) Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#58>", line 1, in <module>
s.set_score(99999)
File "<pyshell#54>", line 8, in set_score
raise ValueError("score must between 0~100")
ValueError: score must between 0~100
>>> s.set_score(99)
>>> s.get_score()
99
>>>
现在,对任意的Student实例进行操作,就不能随心所欲地设置score了:
但是,上面的调用方法又略显复杂,没有直接用属性这么直接简单。
有没有技能检查参数,有可以用雷士属性这样简单地方式来访问类的变量?
记得装饰器(decorator)可以给函数动态加上功能?对于累的方法,装饰器一样起作用,Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用的:
>>> class Student(object): @property
def score(self):
return self._score @score.setter
def score(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, int):
raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
if value < 0 or value > 100:
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
self._score = value >>> s = Student()
>>> s.score =99
>>> s.score = 999 Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#76>", line 1, in <module>
s.score = 999
File "<pyshell#73>", line 12, in score
raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!
>>> s.score = 'a' Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#77>", line 1, in <module>
s.score = 'a'
File "<pyshell#73>", line 10, in score
raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
ValueError: score must be an integer!
>>>
注意这个@property,在对实例属性操作的时候,就知道该属性很可能不是直接暴露的,而是通过getter和setter方法来实现的。
还可以定义只读属性,值定义getter方法,不定义setter方法就是一个只读属性:
>> class Student(object):
@property
def birth(self):
return self._birth
@birth.setter
def birth(self,value):
self._birth = value
@property
def age(self):
return 2017 - self._birth >>> s = Student()
>>> s.birth = 1995 >>> s.age
22
>>> s.age = 23 Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#17>", line 1, in <module>
s.age = 23
AttributeError: can't set attribute
>>>
上面的birth是可读写属性,而age就是一个只读属性,因为age可以根据birth和当前时间计算出来。
总结
@property广泛应用在类的定义中,可以让调用者写出简短的代码,同时保证对参数进行必要的检查,这样程序运行时就减少了出错的可能性。