Blood sugar level

The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the concentration of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar, and approximately 4 g of glucose are present in the blood of a 70-kilogram human at all times. The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells in the form of glycogen; in fasting individuals, blood glucose is maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle. 血糖水平、血糖浓度或血糖水平是人类和其他动物血液中的葡萄糖浓度。葡萄糖是一种单糖，一个体重为70公斤的人的血液中始终存在大约4克葡萄糖。作为代谢稳态的一部分，身体严格调节血糖水平。葡萄糖以糖原的形式储存在骨骼肌和肝细胞中；在禁食的个体中，血糖维持在一个恒定的水平，而肝脏和骨骼肌中的糖原储存则会减少。

In humans, a blood glucose level of four grams, or about a teaspoon, is critical for normal function in a number of tissues, and the human brain consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasting, sedentary individuals. A persistent elevation in blood glucose leads to glucose toxicity, which contributes to cell dysfunction and the pathology grouped together as complications of diabetes. Glucose can be transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues in the body via the bloodstream. Cellular glucose uptake is primarily regulated by insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. 在人类中，4克（约1茶匙）的血糖水平对许多组织的正常功能至关重要，而在禁食、久坐的个体中，人类大脑消耗大约60%的血糖。血糖持续升高会导致葡萄糖毒性，从而导致细胞功能障碍和病理学，并被归为糖尿病并发症。葡萄糖可以通过血液从肠道或肝脏输送到身体的其他组织。细胞葡萄糖摄取主要由胰岛素调节，胰岛素是胰腺产生的一种激素。

Normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics is between 3.9 and 7.1 mmol/L (70 to 130 mg/dL). The global mean fasting plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL). 非糖尿病患者的正常血糖水平（空腹检测）在3.9至7.1 mmol/L（70至130 mg/dL）之间。人类的全球平均空腹血糖水平约为5.5 mmol/L（100 mg/dL）；然而，这一水平在一天中不断波动。无糖尿病和不禁食者的血糖水平应低于6.9 mmol/L（125 mg/dL）。

(High) blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in the large arteries. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum pressure during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the cardiac cycle. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) above the surrounding atmospheric pressure. 血压（BP）是循环血液对血管壁的压力。这种压力大部分来自心脏通过循环系统泵送血液。在未经限定的情况下使用时，“血压”一词指的是大动脉中的压力。血压通常表示为心动周期中收缩压（一次心跳时的最大压力）超过舒张压（两次心跳之间的最小压力）。它的测量单位是高于周围大气压力的毫米汞柱（mmHg）。

Blood pressure is one of the vital signs—together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature—that healthcare professionals use in evaluating a patient's health. Normal resting blood pressure, in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury (16 kPa) systolic over 80 millimetres of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, denoted as "120/80 mmHg". Globally, the average blood pressure, age standardized, has remained about the same since 1975 to the present, at approx. 127/79 mmHg in men and 122/77 mmHg in women, although these average data mask quite large divergent regional trends. 血压与呼吸频率、心率、血氧饱和度和体温一起，是医护人员用来评估患者健康状况的生命体征之一。成年人的正常静息血压，收缩压约为120毫米汞柱（16千帕），舒张压约为80毫米汞柱（11千帕），表示为“120/80毫米汞柱”。从全球来看，自1975年至今，年龄标准化的平均血压一直保持不变，男性约为127/79 mmHg，女性约为122/77 mmHg，尽管这些平均数据掩盖了很大的地区差异趋势。

• Optimal: <80 ~ <120;
• Normal: 80-84 ~ 120-29;
• High normal: 85-89 ~ 130-139;
• Hypertension (高血压): >=90 ~ >=140;
• Grade 3 Hypertension (高血压): >=110 ~ >=180;

Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. 持续性高血压是中风、心脏病发作、心力衰竭和动脉瘤的危险因素之一，也是慢性肾功能衰竭的主要原因。A digital sphygmomanometer used for measuring blood pressure.

In the short-term, the greater the blood volume, the higher the cardiac output. This has been proposed as an explanation of the relationship between high dietary salt intake and increased blood pressure; however, responses to increased dietary sodium intake vary between individuals and are highly dependent on autonomic nervous system responses and the renin–angiotensin system, changes in plasma osmolarity may also be important. In the longer-term the relationship between volume and blood pressure is more complex. 短期内，血容量越大，心输出量越高。这被认为是对高盐摄入与血压升高之间关系的一种解释；然而，对增加饮食钠摄入量的反应因个体而异，高度依赖于自主神经系统反应和肾素-血管紧张素系统，血浆渗透压的变化也可能很重要。从长远来看，容量和血压之间的关系更为复杂。[有些人天赋异禀能活到120岁，抽烟喝酒后活到108岁，咱普通人比不了。]

六级/考研单词: regulate, metabolism, liver, expense, norm, tissue, consume, persist, elevate, toxic, diabetes, globe, fluctuate, circulate, vessel, pump, artery, millimetre, mercury, oxygen, saturate, evaluate, heal, denote, data, mask, diverge, optimum, stroke, chronic, digit, intake, sodium