Python基础知识
一、初识基本数据类型
类型:
int(整型)
在32位机器上,整数的位数为32位,取值范围为-2**31~2**31-1,即-2147483648~2147483647
在64位系统上,整数的位数为64位,取值范围为-2**63~2**63-1,即-9223372036854775808~9223372036854775807
long(长整型)
跟C语言不同,Python的长整数没有指定位宽,即:Python没有限制长整数数值的大小,但实际上由于机器内存有限,我们使用的长整数数值不可能无限大。
注意,自从Python2.2起,如果整数发生溢出,Python会自动将整数数据转换为长整数,所以如今在长整数数据后面不加字母L也不会导致严重后果了。
float(浮点型)
浮点数用来处理实数,即带有小数的数字。类似于C语言中的double类型,占8个字节(64位),其中52位表示底,11位表示指数,剩下的一位表示符号。
complex(复数)
复数由实数部分和虚数部分组成,一般形式为x+yj,其中的x是复数的实数部分,y是复数的虚数部分,这里的x和y都是实数。
注:Python中存在小数字池:-5 ~ 257
1、数字
2 是一个整数的例子。
长整数 不过是大一些的整数。
3.23和52.3E-4是浮点数的例子。E标记表示10的幂。在这里,52.3E-4表示52.3 * 10-4。
(-5+4j)和(2.3-4.6j)是复数的例子
更多
2、布尔值
真或假
1 或 0
3、字符串
"hello world"
name = "alex"
print "i am %s " % name #输出: i am alex
PS: 字符串是 %s;整数 %d;浮点数%f
字符串常用功能:
- 移除空白
- 分割
- 格式化
- 长度
- 索引
- 切片
- 查找
- 其他
# 默认去除前后空格,()中可指定
username.strip()
分割:
# 分割
a='abc,ddc,adc'
b=a.split(',')
# 按符号合并
print('|'.join(a))
格式化:
# 格式化
msg='Hello,{name},I age is{age}'
msg_print=msg.format(name='luke',age=101)
print(msg_print)
------------------------------------------------
msg2='ha{0},ddd{1}'
print(msg2.format('luke',33))
#简单格式化
a='yy'
b=12
print('你好 我是%s,我的年龄是%d'%(a,b))
长度:
#长度
a='yy ddd hh'
num=a.count('y')
print(num)
-----------------------
num=len(a)
print(num)
索引:
# 索引
a='yy ddd hh'
print(a[1])
切片:
# 切片
a='yy ddd hh'
print(a[0:4])
查找:
# 查找 -1代表没找到
a='yy ddd hh'
b=a.find('h')
print(b)
其他:
# 填充字符
print(a.center(40,'-'))
# 判断是否为数字
age=12
age.isdigit()
# 判断是否有特殊字符,有为(False),没有为(True)
a='yy!sdf'
print(a.isalnum())
#判断以什么字符结尾
a='yy!sdf'
print(a.endswith('df'))
# 大小写转换
a='yysdf'
b='YYYDIS'
print(a.upper())
print(b.lower())
print(a.upper().lower())
4、列表
name_list = ['tlh', 'hello','seven', 'eric']
或
name_list = list(['tlh','hello','seven', 'eric'])
注:操作前必须创建列表
基本操作:
- 索引
- 切片
- 追加
- 删除
- 长度
- 循环
- 包含
- 其他
索引
# 修改
name_list[0]='n'
# 获取
name=name_list[3]
切片
# 直接取元素
print(name_list[0])
# 取列表中的一段
print(name_list[0:])# 表示取全部
print(name_list[1:3])# 取第一到二个元素
# 步长
print(name_list[0::2])
追加
# 在最后面追加
name_list.append('dd')
print(name_list)
#插入
name_list.insert(3,'dd')
print(name_list)
删除
# 删除列表多个值(删除内存中的值)
del name_list[0:2]
# 删除所有
del name_list
# 删除列表单个值
name_list.remove('tlh')
长度
#值为tlh的有几个
a=name_list.count('tlh')
包含
# in用于包含
if 'tlh' in name_list:
print('正确')
name_list = ['tlh', 'hello','seven', 'eric']
name_new_list=['cc','dd']
#包含另一个列表
name_list.extend(name_new_list)
print(name_list)
循环
for i in range(name_list.count('tlh')):
name_tag=name_list.index('tlh')
name_list[name_tag]=999999999
print(name_list)
# 直接从列表中获取
name_list.pop(2)
#获取最后一个
name_list.pop()
#反转
name_list.reverse()
print(name_list)
# 排序
name_list.sort()
# 复制是共享一份数据,而嵌套的数据是内存的地址。分为浅cope和深cope
#浅cope,最外面一层,
name_list.copy()
#深cope,完全复制一份,独立
import copy
copy.deepcopy()
5、元组(有序且只能传数字)
ages = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55)
或
ages = tuple((11, 22, 33, 44, 55))
lass tuple(object):
"""
tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
"""
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
return 0 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
"""
tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
pass
更多参数
PS:循环,range,continue 和 break
6、字典(无序)
person = {"name": "mr.wu", 'age': 18}
或
person = dict({"name": "mr.wu", 'age': 18})
例:
name={
1:{
'id':1,
'name':'aa',
'age':12,
'addr':'sh'
},
2: {
'id': 2,
'name': 'aa',
'age': 20,
'addr': 'st'
},
3: {
'id': 3,
'name': 'aa',
'age': 12,
'addr': 'su'
}
}
常用操作:
- 索引
- 新增
- 删除
- 获取
- 键、值、键值对
- 循环
- 长度
- 其他
索引
# 索引
print(name[1])
name[1]['name']='nihao'
print(name[1])
新增
name[1]['qq_num']='399333'# 没有即创建
删除
# 删除
del name[1]['qq_num']
------------------------------
name[1].pop('qq_num')
获取
#获取
v=name.get(1)
print(v)
键、值、键值对
#键、值、键值对
print(name.keys())
print(name.values())
print(name)
循环
#循环
for key in name:
print(name[key])
print(name[key].get('addr'))
其他
#覆盖更新
dic2={
'name':'aaa',
1: {
'id': 'www',
'name': 'aa',
'age': 12,
'addr': 'sh'
},
}
name.update(dic2)
print(name)
# 字典转换为列表
print(name.items())
# 包含
name.has_key(1) #only in 2.x
if 1 in name:
print('True') #equals to above has key(x)
# 设置默认的key值
name.setdefault(5,'错误')
#取一个key值,如果不存在,就设置一个key值
print(name)
# 把列表中的元素当做key,所有value为dd
print(dict.fromkeys([1,2,3,4],'dd'))
#随机删
print(name.popitem())
7、set集合
set集合,是一个无序且不重复的元素集合
如:{"123","456","789"},{"abc","dce"}
#新建
s1={11,22,33}
s2=set()
s3=set([11,22,33])
常用操作:
- 新增
- 差异
- 删除
- 父、子序列
- 循环
- 长度
- 其他
新增
#增加
s=set()
s.add(123)
#迭代增加
s1=set()
l1=[11,22,33,11]
l2=(11,22,44,55)
l3='abcdeadd'
s1.update(l1)
s1.update(l2)
s1.update(l3)
差异
#查找差异(不改变原值)
s1={11,22,33}
s2={22,33,44}
#1、A中存在,B中不存在
s3=s1.difference(s2)
# 2、对称差集
s3=s1.symmetric_difference(s2)
------------------------------------------------
#查找差异(改变原值)
s1={11,22,33}
s2={22,33,44}
#1、A中存在,B中不存在结果更新到A
s1.difference_update(s2)
# 2、对称差集更新到A
s1.symmetric_difference_update(s2)
-------------------------------------------------
#交集
s3=s1.intersection(s2)
s1.intersection(s2)
s4=s1.isdisjoint(s2)如果没有交集,返回True,否则返回False
#并集
s3=s1.union(s2)
结果:{11,22,33,44}
s1.union(s2)
删除
#移除指定元素
s1={11,22,33}
s2={22,33,44}
#1、不存在不保错
s1.discard(11)
#2、随机移除
ret=s1.pop()
#3、不存在报错
s1.remove(11)
父、子序列
父序列包含子序列
s1={11,22,33} 父序列
s2={22,33} 子序列
#判断s2是否是s1的子序列,是返回True,否返回False
s3=s2.issubset(s1)
#判断s1是否是s2的父序列,是返回True,否返回False
s3=s1.issuperset(s2)
old_dict={
"#1": 8G
"#2": 4G
"#3": 2G }
new_dict={
"#1": 4G
"#2": 4G
"#3": 2G
}
需求:
#应该删除那几个编号的内存条
#应该更新那几个编号的内存条
#应该增加那几个编号的内存条
----------------程序------------------ old_set=set(old_dict.keys())
new_set=set(new_dict.keys())
add_set=new_set.difference(old_set)
update_set=old_set.intersection(new_dict)
例:数据更新
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set,添加元素 This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. 清除内容"""
pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝 """
pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在,B中不存在 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. 从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素"""
pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素,不存在不保错
"""
pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集 (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 """
pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果没有交集,返回True,否则返回False"""
pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列"""
pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列"""
pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
"""
pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素,不存在保错
"""
pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 对称差集 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称差集,并更新到a中 """
pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """
pass
更多
8、流程控制指令
li = [11,22,33,44]
for item in li:
print item
while 条件: # 循环体 # 如果条件为真,那么循环体则执行
# 如果条件为假,那么循环体不执行
type=True
a=1
while(type):
if a==1:
type=False
例子
break用于退出所有循环
while True:
print ""
break
print ""
8.1.4、continue
continue用于退出当前循环,继续下一次循环
while True:
print ""
continue
print ""
#我定义了一个type函数,但我并没有写语句
def type():
pass
a=10
if a==10:
a=1
else:
a=2
li = [11,22,33]
for k,v in enumerate(li, 1):
print(k,v)
print range(1, 10)
# 结果:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] print range(1, 10, 2)
# 结果:[1, 3, 5, 7, 9] print range(30, 0, -2)
# 结果:[30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]
9、深浅拷贝
一、数字和字符串
对于 数字 和 字符串 而言,赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝无意义,因为其永远指向同一个内存地址
import copy
# ######### 数字、字符串 #########
n1 = 123
# n1 = "i am alex age 10"
print(id(n1))
# ## 赋值 ##
n2 = n1
print(id(n2))
# ## 浅拷贝 ##
n2 = copy.copy(n1)
print(id(n2)) # ## 深拷贝 ##
n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1)
print(id(n3))
二、其他基本数据类型
对于字典、元祖、列表 而言,进行赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝时,其内存地址的变化是不同的。
1、赋值
赋值,只是创建一个变量,该变量指向原来内存地址,如:
n1 = {"k1": "wu", "k2": 123, "k3": ["alex", 456]} n2 = n1
2、浅拷贝
浅拷贝,在内存中只额外创建第一层数据
import copy n1 = {"k1": "wu", "k2": 123, "k3": ["alex", 456]} n3 = copy.copy(n1)
二、运算
比较运算:
赋值运算:
逻辑运算:
成员运算:
身份运算:
位运算:
三元运算(三目运算),是对简单的条件语句的缩写
# 书写格式 result = 值1 if 条件 else 值2 # 如果条件成立,那么将 “值1” 赋值给result变量,否则,将“值2”赋值给result变量
运算符优先级:
更多内容:
http://www.runoob.com/python/python-operators.html
三、数据结构中特殊的方法
在列表、字典、元组、集合或者其他中,都会有__init__这样的特殊方法,它是在我们对方数据进行操作时,在python内部自动帮我们执行的方法。后续会在面向对象篇中写到。
查看:
print(dir(list))
如:
li=[11,22,33] #执行list __init__
li() #执行list __call__
li[0] #执行list __getitem__
li[0]=123 #执行list __setitem__
def li[1] #执行list __delitem__