<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Backbone.js, Require.js, and jQuery Mobile</title>
<meta name="description" content=""/>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/mobile/1.3.2/jquery.mobile-1.3.2.min.css" />
<script src="js/libs/require.js" data-main="js/mobile"></script>
<body>
<div id="categories" data-role="page" data-title="Categories">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>Categories</h1>
</div><!-- /header --> <div data-role="content">
<h2>Select a Category Below:</h2>
<ul data-role="listview" data-inset="true">
<li>
<a href="#category?animals" class="animals">Animals</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#category?colors" class="colors">Colors</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#category?vehicles" class="vehicles">Vehicles</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- /content -->
</div> <div id="animals" data-role="page" data-title="Animals">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>Animals</h1>
</div><!-- /header --> <div data-role="content">
<ul data-role="listview" data-inset="true"> </ul>
</div><!-- /content -->
</div> <div id="colors" data-role="page" data-title="Colors">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>Colors</h1>
</div><!-- /header --> <div data-role="content">
<ul data-role="listview" data-inset="true"> </ul>
</div><!-- /content -->
</div> <div id="vehicles" data-role="page" data-title="Vehicles">
<div data-role="header">
<h1>Vehicles</h1>
</div><!-- /header --> <div data-role="content">
<ul data-role="listview" data-inset="true"> </ul>
</div><!-- /content -->
</div> <script type="text/template" id="categoryItems">
<% _.each(collection.toJSON(), function(category, id) { %>
<li class="ui-li ui-li-static ui-btn-up-c ui-corner-top">
<%= category.type %>
</li>
<% });%>
</script>
</body>
</html>
\js\collections\CategoriesCollection.js
// Category Collection
// ======================= // Includes file dependencies
define(["jquery", "backbone", "models/CategoryModel"], function($, Backbone, CategoryModel) { // Extends Backbone.Router
var Collection = Backbone.Collection.extend({ // The Collection constructor
initialize: function(models, options) { // Sets the type instance property (ie.animals)
this.type = options.type;
}, // Sets the Collection model property to be a Category Model
model: CategoryModel, // Sample JSON data that in a real app will most likely come from a REST web service
jsonArray: [
{"category": "animals", "type": "Pets"},
{"category": "animals", "type": "Farm Animals"},
{"category": "animals", "type": "Wild Animals"},
{"category": "colors", "type": "Blue"},
{"category": "colors", "type": "Green"},
{"category": "colors", "type": "Orange"},
{"category": "color", "type": "Purple"},
{"category": "color", "type": "Red"},
{"category": "colors", "type": "Yellow"},
{"category": "color", "type": "Violet"},
{"category": "vehicles", "type": "Cars"},
{"category": "vehicles", "type": "Planes"},
{"category": "vehicles", "type": "Construction"}
], // Overriding the Backbone.sync method (the Backbone.fetch method calls the sync method when trying to fetch data)
sync: function(method, model, options) { // Local Variables
// ============== // Initantiates an empty array
var categories = [], // Stores the this context in the self variable
self = this, // Creates a jQuery Deferred Object
deferred = $.Deferred(); // Uses a setTimeout to mimic a real world application that retrieves data asynchronously
setTimeout(function() { // Filters the above sample JSON data to return an array of only the correct category type
categories = _.filter(self.jsonArray, function(row) {
return row.category === self.type;
}); // Calls the options.success method and passes an array of objects (Internally saves these objects as models to the current collection)
options.success(categories); // Triggers the custom 'added' method (which the Category View listens for)
self.trigger("added"); // Resolves the deferred objects (this triggers the changePage method inside of the Category Router)
deferred.resolve();
}, 1000); // Returns the deferred object
return deferred;
}
}); // Returns the Model class
return Collection;
});
\js\libs
// Backbone.js 0.9.2 // (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
// Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
// For all details and documentation:
// http://backbonejs.org (function(){ // Initial Setup
// ------------- // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `global`
// on the server).
var root = this; // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
// restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
var previousBackbone = root.Backbone; // Create a local reference to slice/splice.
var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
var splice = Array.prototype.splice; // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
// be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.
var Backbone;
if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
Backbone = exports;
} else {
Backbone = root.Backbone = {};
} // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.2'; // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
var _ = root._;
if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore'); // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.
var $ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender; // Set the JavaScript library that will be used for DOM manipulation and
// Ajax calls (a.k.a. the `$` variable). By default Backbone will use: jQuery,
// Zepto, or Ender; but the `setDomLibrary()` method lets you inject an
// alternate JavaScript library (or a mock library for testing your views
// outside of a browser).
Backbone.setDomLibrary = function(lib) {
$ = lib;
}; // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
// to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
Backbone.noConflict = function() {
root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
return this;
}; // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
// will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
// set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
Backbone.emulateHTTP = false; // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
// `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
// `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
// form param named `model`.
Backbone.emulateJSON = false; // Backbone.Events
// ----------------- // Regular expression used to split event strings
var eventSplitter = /\s+/; // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
// custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback functions
// to an event; trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in succession.
//
// var object = {};
// _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
// object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
// object.trigger('expand');
//
var Events = Backbone.Events = { // Bind one or more space separated events, `events`, to a `callback`
// function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to all events fired.
on: function(events, callback, context) { var calls, event, node, tail, list;
if (!callback) return this;
events = events.split(eventSplitter);
calls = this._callbacks || (this._callbacks = {}); // Create an immutable callback list, allowing traversal during
// modification. The tail is an empty object that will always be used
// as the next node.
while (event = events.shift()) {
list = calls[event];
node = list ? list.tail : {};
node.next = tail = {};
node.context = context;
node.callback = callback;
calls[event] = {tail: tail, next: list ? list.next : node};
} return this;
}, // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all callbacks
// with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all callbacks for the
// event. If `events` is null, removes all bound callbacks for all events.
off: function(events, callback, context) {
var event, calls, node, tail, cb, ctx; // No events, or removing *all* events.
if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return;
if (!(events || callback || context)) {
delete this._callbacks;
return this;
} // Loop through the listed events and contexts, splicing them out of the
// linked list of callbacks if appropriate.
events = events ? events.split(eventSplitter) : _.keys(calls);
while (event = events.shift()) {
node = calls[event];
delete calls[event];
if (!node || !(callback || context)) continue;
// Create a new list, omitting the indicated callbacks.
tail = node.tail;
while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
cb = node.callback;
ctx = node.context;
if ((callback && cb !== callback) || (context && ctx !== context)) {
this.on(event, cb, ctx);
}
}
} return this;
}, // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
// passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
// (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
// receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
trigger: function(events) {
var event, node, calls, tail, args, all, rest;
if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return this;
all = calls.all;
events = events.split(eventSplitter);
rest = slice.call(arguments, 1); // For each event, walk through the linked list of callbacks twice,
// first to trigger the event, then to trigger any `"all"` callbacks.
while (event = events.shift()) {
if (node = calls[event]) {
tail = node.tail;
while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
node.callback.apply(node.context || this, rest);
}
}
if (node = all) {
tail = node.tail;
args = [event].concat(rest);
while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {
node.callback.apply(node.context || this, args);
}
}
} return this;
} }; // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
Events.bind = Events.on;
Events.unbind = Events.off; // Backbone.Model
// -------------- // Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)
// is automatically generated and assigned for you.
var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
var defaults;
attributes || (attributes = {});
if (options && options.parse) attributes = this.parse(attributes);
if (defaults = getValue(this, 'defaults')) {
attributes = _.extend({}, defaults, attributes);
}
if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
this.attributes = {};
this._escapedAttributes = {};
this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
this.changed = {};
this._silent = {};
this._pending = {};
this.set(attributes, {silent: true});
// Reset change tracking.
this.changed = {};
this._silent = {};
this._pending = {};
this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
}; // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
_.extend(Model.prototype, Events, { // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
changed: null, // A hash of attributes that have silently changed since the last time
// `change` was called. Will become pending attributes on the next call.
_silent: null, // A hash of attributes that have changed since the last `'change'` event
// began.
_pending: null, // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
// CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
idAttribute: 'id', // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
// initialization logic.
initialize: function(){}, // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
toJSON: function(options) {
return _.clone(this.attributes);
}, // Get the value of an attribute.
get: function(attr) {
return this.attributes[attr];
}, // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
escape: function(attr) {
var html;
if (html = this._escapedAttributes[attr]) return html;
var val = this.get(attr);
return this._escapedAttributes[attr] = _.escape(val == null ? '' : '' + val);
}, // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
// or undefined.
has: function(attr) {
return this.get(attr) != null;
}, // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless
// you choose to silence it.
set: function(key, value, options) {
var attrs, attr, val; // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {
attrs = key;
options = value;
} else {
attrs = {};
attrs[key] = value;
} // Extract attributes and options.
options || (options = {});
if (!attrs) return this;
if (attrs instanceof Model) attrs = attrs.attributes;
if (options.unset) for (attr in attrs) attrs[attr] = void 0; // Run validation.
if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false; // Check for changes of `id`.
if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute]; var changes = options.changes = {};
var now = this.attributes;
var escaped = this._escapedAttributes;
var prev = this._previousAttributes || {}; // For each `set` attribute...
for (attr in attrs) {
val = attrs[attr]; // If the new and current value differ, record the change.
if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val) || (options.unset && _.has(now, attr))) {
delete escaped[attr];
(options.silent ? this._silent : changes)[attr] = true;
} // Update or delete the current value.
options.unset ? delete now[attr] : now[attr] = val; // If the new and previous value differ, record the change. If not,
// then remove changes for this attribute.
if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val) || (_.has(now, attr) != _.has(prev, attr))) {
this.changed[attr] = val;
if (!options.silent) this._pending[attr] = true;
} else {
delete this.changed[attr];
delete this._pending[attr];
}
} // Fire the `"change"` events.
if (!options.silent) this.change(options);
return this;
}, // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
// to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.
unset: function(attr, options) {
(options || (options = {})).unset = true;
return this.set(attr, null, options);
}, // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
// to silence it.
clear: function(options) {
(options || (options = {})).unset = true;
return this.set(_.clone(this.attributes), options);
}, // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
// model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
// triggering a `"change"` event.
fetch: function(options) {
options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
var model = this;
var success = options.success;
options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, xhr), options)) return false;
if (success) success(model, resp);
};
options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);
}, // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
// If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
// state will be `set` again.
save: function(key, value, options) {
var attrs, current; // Handle both `("key", value)` and `({key: value})` -style calls.
if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {
attrs = key;
options = value;
} else {
attrs = {};
attrs[key] = value;
}
options = options ? _.clone(options) : {}; // If we're "wait"-ing to set changed attributes, validate early.
if (options.wait) {
if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
current = _.clone(this.attributes);
} // Regular saves `set` attributes before persisting to the server.
var silentOptions = _.extend({}, options, {silent: true});
if (attrs && !this.set(attrs, options.wait ? silentOptions : options)) {
return false;
} // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
// updated with the server-side state.
var model = this;
var success = options.success;
options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, xhr);
if (options.wait) {
delete options.wait;
serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
}
if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
if (success) {
success(model, resp);
} else {
model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
}
}; // Finish configuring and sending the Ajax request.
options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update';
var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, method, this, options);
if (options.wait) this.set(current, silentOptions);
return xhr;
}, // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
// Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
// If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
destroy: function(options) {
options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
var model = this;
var success = options.success; var triggerDestroy = function() {
model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
}; if (this.isNew()) {
triggerDestroy();
return false;
} options.success = function(resp) {
if (options.wait) triggerDestroy();
if (success) {
success(model, resp);
} else {
model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
}
}; options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);
var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'delete', this, options);
if (!options.wait) triggerDestroy();
return xhr;
}, // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
// using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
// that will be called.
url: function() {
var base = getValue(this, 'urlRoot') || getValue(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();
if (this.isNew()) return base;
return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) == '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
}, // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
// the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
parse: function(resp, xhr) {
return resp;
}, // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
clone: function() {
return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
}, // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
isNew: function() {
return this.id == null;
}, // Call this method to manually fire a `"change"` event for this model and
// a `"change:attribute"` event for each changed attribute.
// Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.
change: function(options) {
options || (options = {});
var changing = this._changing;
this._changing = true; // Silent changes become pending changes.
for (var attr in this._silent) this._pending[attr] = true; // Silent changes are triggered.
var changes = _.extend({}, options.changes, this._silent);
this._silent = {};
for (var attr in changes) {
this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, this.get(attr), options);
}
if (changing) return this; // Continue firing `"change"` events while there are pending changes.
while (!_.isEmpty(this._pending)) {
this._pending = {};
this.trigger('change', this, options);
// Pending and silent changes still remain.
for (var attr in this.changed) {
if (this._pending[attr] || this._silent[attr]) continue;
delete this.changed[attr];
}
this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
} this._changing = false;
return this;
}, // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
// If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
hasChanged: function(attr) {
if (!arguments.length) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
return _.has(this.changed, attr);
}, // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
// false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
// parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
// persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
// You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
// determining if there *would be* a change.
changedAttributes: function(diff) {
if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
var val, changed = false, old = this._previousAttributes;
for (var attr in diff) {
if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
(changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
}
return changed;
}, // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
// `"change"` event was fired.
previous: function(attr) {
if (!arguments.length || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
return this._previousAttributes[attr];
}, // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
// `"change"` event.
previousAttributes: function() {
return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
}, // Check if the model is currently in a valid state. It's only possible to
// get into an *invalid* state if you're using silent changes.
isValid: function() {
return !this.validate(this.attributes);
}, // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
// returning `true` if all is well. If a specific `error` callback has
// been passed, call that instead of firing the general `"error"` event.
_validate: function(attrs, options) {
if (options.silent || !this.validate) return true;
attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
var error = this.validate(attrs, options);
if (!error) return true;
if (options && options.error) {
options.error(this, error, options);
} else {
this.trigger('error', this, error, options);
}
return false;
} }); // Backbone.Collection
// ------------------- // Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered
// or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
// its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
options || (options = {});
if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
if (options.comparator) this.comparator = options.comparator;
this._reset();
this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
if (models) this.reset(models, {silent: true, parse: options.parse});
}; // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
_.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, { // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
// This should be overridden in most cases.
model: Model, // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
// initialization logic.
initialize: function(){}, // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
// models' attributes.
toJSON: function(options) {
return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });
}, // Add a model, or list of models to the set. Pass **silent** to avoid
// firing the `add` event for every new model.
add: function(models, options) {
var i, index, length, model, cid, id, cids = {}, ids = {}, dups = [];
options || (options = {});
models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models]; // Begin by turning bare objects into model references, and preventing
// invalid models or duplicate models from being added.
for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {
if (!(model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) {
throw new Error("Can't add an invalid model to a collection");
}
cid = model.cid;
id = model.id;
if (cids[cid] || this._byCid[cid] || ((id != null) && (ids[id] || this._byId[id]))) {
dups.push(i);
continue;
}
cids[cid] = ids[id] = model;
} // Remove duplicates.
i = dups.length;
while (i--) {
models.splice(dups[i], 1);
} // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
// `id` and by `cid`.
for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {
(model = models[i]).on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
this._byCid[model.cid] = model;
if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
} // Insert models into the collection, re-sorting if needed, and triggering
// `add` events unless silenced.
this.length += length;
index = options.at != null ? options.at : this.models.length;
splice.apply(this.models, [index, 0].concat(models));
if (this.comparator) this.sort({silent: true});
if (options.silent) return this;
for (i = 0, length = this.models.length; i < length; i++) {
if (!cids[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) continue;
options.index = i;
model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
}
return this;
}, // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. Pass silent to avoid
// firing the `remove` event for every model removed.
remove: function(models, options) {
var i, l, index, model;
options || (options = {});
models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
model = this.getByCid(models[i]) || this.get(models[i]);
if (!model) continue;
delete this._byId[model.id];
delete this._byCid[model.cid];
index = this.indexOf(model);
this.models.splice(index, 1);
this.length--;
if (!options.silent) {
options.index = index;
model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
}
this._removeReference(model);
}
return this;
}, // Add a model to the end of the collection.
push: function(model, options) {
model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
this.add(model, options);
return model;
}, // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
pop: function(options) {
var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
this.remove(model, options);
return model;
}, // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
unshift: function(model, options) {
model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
return model;
}, // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
shift: function(options) {
var model = this.at(0);
this.remove(model, options);
return model;
}, // Get a model from the set by id.
get: function(id) {
if (id == null) return void 0;
return this._byId[id.id != null ? id.id : id];
}, // Get a model from the set by client id.
getByCid: function(cid) {
return cid && this._byCid[cid.cid || cid];
}, // Get the model at the given index.
at: function(index) {
return this.models[index];
}, // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of `filter`.
where: function(attrs) {
if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return [];
return this.filter(function(model) {
for (var key in attrs) {
if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
}
return true;
});
}, // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
// normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
// is added.
sort: function(options) {
options || (options = {});
if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
var boundComparator = _.bind(this.comparator, this);
if (this.comparator.length == 1) {
this.models = this.sortBy(boundComparator);
} else {
this.models.sort(boundComparator);
}
if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
return this;
}, // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
pluck: function(attr) {
return _.map(this.models, function(model){ return model.get(attr); });
}, // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
// you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
// any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
reset: function(models, options) {
models || (models = []);
options || (options = {});
for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
}
this._reset();
this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
return this;
}, // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
// collection when they arrive. If `add: true` is passed, appends the
// models to the collection instead of resetting.
fetch: function(options) {
options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
if (options.parse === undefined) options.parse = true;
var collection = this;
var success = options.success;
options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {
collection[options.add ? 'add' : 'reset'](collection.parse(resp, xhr), options);
if (success) success(collection, resp);
};
options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, collection, options);
return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);
}, // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
// collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
// wait for the server to agree.
create: function(model, options) {
var coll = this;
options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
if (!model) return false;
if (!options.wait) coll.add(model, options);
var success = options.success;
options.success = function(nextModel, resp, xhr) {
if (options.wait) coll.add(nextModel, options);
if (success) {
success(nextModel, resp);
} else {
nextModel.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
}
};
model.save(null, options);
return model;
}, // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
// collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
parse: function(resp, xhr) {
return resp;
}, // Proxy to _'s chain. Can't be proxied the same way the rest of the
// underscore methods are proxied because it relies on the underscore
// constructor.
chain: function () {
return _(this.models).chain();
}, // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.
_reset: function(options) {
this.length = 0;
this.models = [];
this._byId = {};
this._byCid = {};
}, // Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.
_prepareModel: function(model, options) {
options || (options = {});
if (!(model instanceof Model)) {
var attrs = model;
options.collection = this;
model = new this.model(attrs, options);
if (!model._validate(model.attributes, options)) model = false;
} else if (!model.collection) {
model.collection = this;
}
return model;
}, // Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.
_removeReference: function(model) {
if (this == model.collection) {
delete model.collection;
}
model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
}, // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
// Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
// events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
// in other collections are ignored.
_onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
if ((event == 'add' || event == 'remove') && collection != this) return;
if (event == 'destroy') {
this.remove(model, options);
}
if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
this._byId[model.id] = model;
}
this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
} }); // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'find',
'detect', 'filter', 'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any',
'include', 'contains', 'invoke', 'max', 'min', 'sortBy', 'sortedIndex',
'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'initial', 'rest', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf',
'shuffle', 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'groupBy']; // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
_.each(methods, function(method) {
Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
return _[method].apply(_, [this.models].concat(_.toArray(arguments)));
};
}); // Backbone.Router
// ------------------- // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
// matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
options || (options = {});
if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
this._bindRoutes();
this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
}; // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
// parts of route strings.
var namedParam = /:\w+/g;
var splatParam = /\*\w+/g;
var escapeRegExp = /[-[\]{}()+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g; // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
_.extend(Router.prototype, Events, { // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
// initialization logic.
initialize: function(){}, // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
//
// this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
// ...
// });
//
route: function(route, name, callback) {
Backbone.history || (Backbone.history = new History);
if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
if (!callback) callback = this[name];
Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {
var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
callback && callback.apply(this, args);
this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);
}, this));
return this;
}, // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
navigate: function(fragment, options) {
Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
}, // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
// order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
// routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
_bindRoutes: function() {
if (!this.routes) return;
var routes = [];
for (var route in this.routes) {
routes.unshift([route, this.routes[route]]);
}
for (var i = 0, l = routes.length; i < l; i++) {
this.route(routes[i][0], routes[i][1], this[routes[i][1]]);
}
}, // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
// against the current location hash.
_routeToRegExp: function(route) {
route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
.replace(namedParam, '([^\/]+)')
.replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
}, // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
// extracted parameters.
_extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
} }); // Backbone.History
// ---------------- // Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL fragments. If the
// browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.
var History = Backbone.History = function() {
this.handlers = [];
_.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
}; // Cached regex for cleaning leading hashes and slashes .
var routeStripper = /^[#\/]/; // Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/; // Has the history handling already been started?
History.started = false; // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
_.extend(History.prototype, Events, { // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
// twenty times a second.
interval: 50, // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
// in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
getHash: function(windowOverride) {
var loc = windowOverride ? windowOverride.location : window.location;
var match = loc.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
return match ? match[1] : '';
}, // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
// the hash, or the override.
getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
if (fragment == null) {
if (this._hasPushState || forcePushState) {
fragment = window.location.pathname;
var search = window.location.search;
if (search) fragment += search;
} else {
fragment = this.getHash();
}
}
if (!fragment.indexOf(this.options.root)) fragment = fragment.substr(this.options.root.length);
return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
}, // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
// an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
start: function(options) {
if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
History.started = true; // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
// Is pushState desired ... is it available?
this.options = _.extend({}, {root: '/'}, this.options, options);
this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
this._wantsPushState = !!this.options.pushState;
this._hasPushState = !!(this.options.pushState && window.history && window.history.pushState);
var fragment = this.getFragment();
var docMode = document.documentMode;
var oldIE = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7)); if (oldIE) {
this.iframe = $('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;
this.navigate(fragment);
} // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
// 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
if (this._hasPushState) {
$(window).on('popstate', this.checkUrl);
} else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {
$(window).on('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
} // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
// opened by a non-pushState browser.
this.fragment = fragment;
var loc = window.location;
var atRoot = loc.pathname == this.options.root; // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled browser,
// but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {
this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);
window.location.replace(this.options.root + '#' + this.fragment);
// Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
return true; // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
// in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
} else if (this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState && atRoot && loc.hash) {
this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
window.history.replaceState({}, document.title, loc.protocol + '//' + loc.host + this.options.root + this.fragment);
} if (!this.options.silent) {
return this.loadUrl();
}
}, // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
// but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
stop: function() {
$(window).unbind('popstate', this.checkUrl).unbind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
History.started = false;
}, // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
// may override previous routes.
route: function(route, callback) {
this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
}, // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
// calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
checkUrl: function(e) {
var current = this.getFragment();
if (current == this.fragment && this.iframe) current = this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe));
if (current == this.fragment) return false;
if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
this.loadUrl() || this.loadUrl(this.getHash());
}, // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
// match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
// returns `false`.
loadUrl: function(fragmentOverride) {
var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragmentOverride);
var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
handler.callback(fragment);
return true;
}
});
return matched;
}, // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
// 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
// the fragment in advance.
//
// The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
// route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
// you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
navigate: function(fragment, options) {
if (!History.started) return false;
if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: options};
var frag = (fragment || '').replace(routeStripper, '');
if (this.fragment == frag) return; // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
if (this._hasPushState) {
if (frag.indexOf(this.options.root) != 0) frag = this.options.root + frag;
this.fragment = frag;
window.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, frag); // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
// fragment to store history.
} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
this.fragment = frag;
this._updateHash(window.location, frag, options.replace);
if (this.iframe && (frag != this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe)))) {
// Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a history entry on hash-tag change.
// When replace is true, we don't want this.
if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, frag, options.replace);
} // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
// based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
} else {
window.location.assign(this.options.root + fragment);
}
if (options.trigger) this.loadUrl(fragment);
}, // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
// a new one to the browser history.
_updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
if (replace) {
location.replace(location.toString().replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '') + '#' + fragment);
} else {
location.hash = fragment;
}
}
}); // Backbone.View
// ------------- // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
// if an existing element is not provided...
var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
this._configure(options || {});
this._ensureElement();
this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
this.delegateEvents();
}; // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/; // List of view options to be merged as properties.
var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName']; // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
_.extend(View.prototype, Events, { // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
tagName: 'div', // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
// current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
$: function(selector) {
return this.$el.find(selector);
}, // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
// initialization logic.
initialize: function(){}, // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
// to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
// convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
render: function() {
return this;
}, // Remove this view from the DOM. Note that the view isn't present in the
// DOM by default, so calling this method may be a no-op.
remove: function() {
this.$el.remove();
return this;
}, // For small amounts of DOM Elements, where a full-blown template isn't
// needed, use **make** to manufacture elements, one at a time.
//
// var el = this.make('li', {'class': 'row'}, this.model.escape('title'));
//
make: function(tagName, attributes, content) {
var el = document.createElement(tagName);
if (attributes) $(el).attr(attributes);
if (content) $(el).html(content);
return el;
}, // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
// re-delegation.
setElement: function(element, delegate) {
if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
this.$el = (element instanceof $) ? element : $(element);
this.el = this.$el[0];
if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
return this;
}, // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
//
// *{"event selector": "callback"}*
//
// {
// 'mousedown .title': 'edit',
// 'click .button': 'save'
// 'click .open': function(e) { ... }
// }
//
// pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
// Uses event delegation for efficiency.
// Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
// This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
// not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
delegateEvents: function(events) {
if (!(events || (events = getValue(this, 'events')))) return;
this.undelegateEvents();
for (var key in events) {
var method = events[key];
if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
if (!method) throw new Error('Method "' + events[key] + '" does not exist');
var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
method = _.bind(method, this);
eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
if (selector === '') {
this.$el.bind(eventName, method);
} else {
this.$el.delegate(selector, eventName, method);
}
}
}, // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
// You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
// Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
undelegateEvents: function() {
this.$el.unbind('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
}, // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
// Keys with special meaning *(model, collection, id, className)*, are
// attached directly to the view.
_configure: function(options) {
if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, this.options, options);
for (var i = 0, l = viewOptions.length; i < l; i++) {
var attr = viewOptions[i];
if (options[attr]) this[attr] = options[attr];
}
this.options = options;
}, // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
// If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
// matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
// an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
_ensureElement: function() {
if (!this.el) {
var attrs = getValue(this, 'attributes') || {};
if (this.id) attrs.id = this.id;
if (this.className) attrs['class'] = this.className;
this.setElement(this.make(this.tagName, attrs), false);
} else {
this.setElement(this.el, false);
}
} }); // The self-propagating extend function that Backbone classes use.
var extend = function (protoProps, classProps) {
var child = inherits(this, protoProps, classProps);
child.extend = this.extend;
return child;
}; // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, and view.
Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = extend; // Backbone.sync
// ------------- // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
var methodMap = {
'create': 'POST',
'update': 'PUT',
'delete': 'DELETE',
'read': 'GET'
}; // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
// models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
// model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
// to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
//
// * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
// * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
// * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
//
// Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
// as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
// as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
// instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
// Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
// it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
var type = methodMap[method]; // Default options, unless specified.
options || (options = {}); // Default JSON-request options.
var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'}; // Ensure that we have a URL.
if (!options.url) {
params.url = getValue(model, 'url') || urlError();
} // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
if (!options.data && model && (method == 'create' || method == 'update')) {
params.contentType = 'application/json';
params.data = JSON.stringify(model.toJSON());
} // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
if (Backbone.emulateJSON) {
params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
} // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
// And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
if (Backbone.emulateHTTP) {
if (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE') {
if (Backbone.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
params.type = 'POST';
params.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
};
}
} // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
if (params.type !== 'GET' && !Backbone.emulateJSON) {
params.processData = false;
} // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
return $.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
}; // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
Backbone.wrapError = function(onError, originalModel, options) {
return function(model, resp) {
resp = model === originalModel ? resp : model;
if (onError) {
onError(originalModel, resp, options);
} else {
originalModel.trigger('error', originalModel, resp, options);
}
};
}; // Helpers
// ------- // Shared empty constructor function to aid in prototype-chain creation.
var ctor = function(){}; // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
// Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
// class properties to be extended.
var inherits = function(parent, protoProps, staticProps) {
var child; // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
// (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
// by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
if (protoProps && protoProps.hasOwnProperty('constructor')) {
child = protoProps.constructor;
} else {
child = function(){ parent.apply(this, arguments); };
} // Inherit class (static) properties from parent.
_.extend(child, parent); // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
// `parent`'s constructor function.
ctor.prototype = parent.prototype;
child.prototype = new ctor(); // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
// if supplied.
if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps); // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
if (staticProps) _.extend(child, staticProps); // Correctly set child's `prototype.constructor`.
child.prototype.constructor = child; // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed later.
child.__super__ = parent.prototype; return child;
}; // Helper function to get a value from a Backbone object as a property
// or as a function.
var getValue = function(object, prop) {
if (!(object && object[prop])) return null;
return _.isFunction(object[prop]) ? object[prop]() : object[prop];
}; // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
var urlError = function() {
throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
}; }).call(this);