以太坊私链入门
本文作者最近我在找工作，有意向致电 13113668890
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2018-01-20
1. 背景
区块链是什么？一句话，它是一种特殊的（非关系型）分布式数据库，这种数据库只能做插入和查找操作，并且没有管理员。
首先，区块链的主要作用是储存信息。任何需要保存的信息，都可以写入区块链，也可以从里面读取，所以它是数据库。
其次，任何人都可以架设服务器，加入区块链网络，成为一个节点。区块链的世界里面，没有中心节点，每个节点都是平等的，都保存着整个数据库。你可以向任何一个节点，写入/读取数据，因为所有节点最后都会同步，保证区块链一致。
2. 软件安装与配置
2.1. Ubuntu
2.1.1. 安装 geth
安装环境
Ubuntu 17.10
sudo apt upgrade -y sudo apt install software-properties-common sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum sudo apt update sudo apt install ethereum
neo@netkiller ~ % geth version Geth Version: 1.7.3-stable Git Commit: 4bb3c89d44e372e6a9ab85a8be0c9345265c763a Architecture: amd64 Protocol Versions: [63 62] Network Id: 1 Go Version: go1.9.1 Operating System: linux GOPATH= GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.9
2.1.2. 安装 solc
sudo apt install solc -y
neo@netkiller ~ % solc --version solc, the solidity compiler commandline interface Version: 0.4.19+commit.c4cbbb05.Linux.g++
2.2. Windows
访问 https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/ 下载并安装 Geth for Windows
2.3. Mac OS
brew tap ethereum/ethereum brew install ethereum
2.4. 编译安装
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum sudo apt-get install -y build-essential golang cd go-ethereum make geth
3. 创世区块
cd ~ mkdir -p ethereum cd ethereum
3.1. 初始化创世区块
创建文件 genesis.json
{
"nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
"difficulty": "0x020000",
"mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"timestamp": "0x00",
"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
"extraData": "0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa",
"gasLimit": "0x4c4b40",
"config": {
"chainId": 15,
"homesteadBlock": 0,
"eip155Block": 0,
"eip158Block": 0
},
"alloc": { }
}
mixhash: 与nonce配合用于挖矿，由上一个区块的一部分生成的hash。注意他和nonce的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。.
nonce: nonce就是一个64位随机数，用于挖矿，注意他和mixhash的设置需要满足以太坊的Yellow paper, 4.3.4. Block Header Validity, (44)章节所描述的条件。
difficulty: 设置当前区块的难度，如果难度过大，cpu挖矿就很难，这里设置较小难度
alloc: 用来预置账号以及账号的以太币数量，因为私有链挖矿比较容易，所以我们不需要预置有币的账号，需要的时候自己创建即可以。
coinbase: 矿工的账号，随便填
timestamp: 设置创世块的时间戳
parentHash: 上一个区块的hash值，因为是创世块，所以这个值是0
extraData: 附加信息，随便填，可以填你的个性信息
gasLimit: 该值设置对GAS的消耗总量限制，用来限制区块能包含的交易信息总和，因为我们是私有链，所以填最大。
初始化创世区块
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth init genesis.json WARN [01-19|17:35:17] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16 INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Writing custom genesis block INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=611596…424d04 INFO [01-19|17:35:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16 INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Writing custom genesis block INFO [01-19|17:35:18] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=611596…424d04
默认目录是 /home/neo/.ethereum/ 你可以通过 --datadir 参数指定目录
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --datadir data init genesis.json WARN [01-19|17:38:16] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default INFO [01-19|17:38:16] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16 INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=chaindata hash=611596…424d04 INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/ethereum/data/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16 INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Writing custom genesis block INFO [01-19|17:38:17] Successfully wrote genesis state database=lightchaindata hash=611596…424d04 neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % find data data data/keystore data/geth data/geth/chaindata data/geth/chaindata/LOCK data/geth/chaindata/LOG data/geth/chaindata/MANIFEST-000000 data/geth/chaindata/CURRENT data/geth/chaindata/000001.log data/geth/lightchaindata data/geth/lightchaindata/LOCK data/geth/lightchaindata/LOG data/geth/lightchaindata/MANIFEST-000000 data/geth/lightchaindata/CURRENT data/geth/lightchaindata/000001.log
目录结构
data ├── geth │ ├── chaindata │ │ ├── 000001.log │ │ ├── CURRENT │ │ ├── LOCK │ │ ├── LOG │ │ └── MANIFEST-000000 │ └── lightchaindata │ ├── 000001.log │ ├── CURRENT │ ├── LOCK │ ├── LOG │ └── MANIFEST-000000 └── keystore
3.2. 启动节点
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover console
WARN [01-19|17:47:06] No etherbase set and no accounts found as default
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local header number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded most recent local fast block number=0 hash=611596…424d04 td=131072
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] RLPx listener up self="enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [01-19|17:47:06] HTTP endpoint opened: http://127.0.0.1:8545
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
> INFO [01-19|17:47:09] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
identity: 区块链的标示，随便填写，用于标示目前网络的名字
init: 指定创世块文件的位置，并创建初始块
datadir: 设置当前区块链网络数据存放的位置
port: 网络监听端口
rpc: 启动rpc通信，可以进行智能合约的部署和调试
rpcapi: 设置允许连接的rpc的客户端，一般为db,eth,net,web3
networkid: 设置当前区块链的网络ID，用于区分不同的网络，是一个数字
console: 启动命令行模式，可以在Geth中执行命令
3.2.1. rpcaddr
默认是 127.0.0.1
HTTP endpoint closed: http://127.0.0.1:8545
通过 --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" 指定监听地址
HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover console
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-20|01:41:33] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local header number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local full block number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded most recent local fast block number=531 hash=1a2707…3a27bc td=79083846
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-20|01:41:34] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] RLPx listener up self="enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
INFO [01-20|01:41:34] HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8545
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
> INFO [01-20|01:41:40] Mapped network port proto=tcp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
3.3. 使用节点进行挖矿
3.3.1. 启动矿工开始挖矿
> miner.start(1)
这里的1表示只使用一个线程运行,第一次运行时将开始创建DAG文件，只需等待进度条到100，则将开始挖矿。 实际你看到的挖矿速度很快，这是因为我们已经在初始化创世区块时配置为:"nonce": "0x0000000000000042"。 “0x42”难度能让你在私有测试网链上快速挖以太币。
提示
挖矿时必然有矿工账户，而系统默认使用创建的第一个账号。
> miner.start(1) INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Updated mining threads threads=1 INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=18000000000 INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Starting mining operation null > INFO [01-19|21:06:43] Commit new mining work number=1 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=717.552µs INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=0 percentage=91 elapsed=3.000s INFO [01-19|21:06:46] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=0 elapsed=3.273s INFO [01-19|21:06:51] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=0 elapsed=5.056s INFO [01-19|21:06:56] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=1 elapsed=10.140s INFO [01-19|21:07:01] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=2 elapsed=15.119s INFO [01-19|21:07:06] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=3 elapsed=19.924s INFO [01-19|21:07:11] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=4 elapsed=24.739s INFO [01-19|21:07:16] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=5 elapsed=29.473s INFO [01-19|21:07:22] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=6 elapsed=35.641s INFO [01-19|21:07:26] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=7 elapsed=40.374s INFO [01-19|21:07:31] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=8 elapsed=45.134s INFO [01-19|21:07:36] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=9 elapsed=49.908s INFO [01-19|21:07:41] Generating DAG in progress epoch=0 percentage=10 elapsed=54.633s ...... ...... ...... INFO [01-19|21:22:43] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=0 elapsed=15m57.328s INFO [01-19|21:22:47] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=17 elapsed=3.031s INFO [01-19|21:22:50] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=34 elapsed=6.056s INFO [01-19|21:22:53] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=49 elapsed=9.562s INFO [01-19|21:22:57] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=70 elapsed=13.115s INFO [01-19|21:23:00] Generating ethash verification cache epoch=1 percentage=90 elapsed=16.123s INFO [01-19|21:23:01] Generated ethash verification cache epoch=1 elapsed=17.576s INFO [01-19|21:23:19] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=0 elapsed=18.198s INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Successfully sealed new block number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe INFO [01-19|21:23:32] mined potential block number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe INFO [01-19|21:23:32] Commit new mining work number=2 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.188ms INFO [01-19|21:23:37] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=1 elapsed=35.913s INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Successfully sealed new block number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50 INFO [01-19|21:23:41] mined potential block number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50 INFO [01-19|21:23:41] Commit new mining work number=3 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=772.239µs INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Successfully sealed new block number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2 INFO [01-19|21:23:43] mined potential block number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2 INFO [01-19|21:23:43] Commit new mining work number=4 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=1.002ms INFO [01-19|21:23:55] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=2 elapsed=53.757s INFO [01-19|21:24:13] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=3 elapsed=1m11.561s INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=4 elapsed=1m28.986s INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Successfully sealed new block number=4 hash=681970…462135 INFO [01-19|21:24:30] mined potential block number=4 hash=681970…462135 INFO [01-19|21:24:30] Commit new mining work number=5 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=833.629µs INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Successfully sealed new block number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a INFO [01-19|21:24:36] mined potential block number=5 hash=7b058b…d2f07a INFO [01-19|21:24:36] Commit new mining work number=6 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=897.815µs INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Successfully sealed new block number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e INFO [01-19|21:24:43] block reached canonical chain number=1 hash=e2b5b9…9b1bfe INFO [01-19|21:24:43] mined potential block number=6 hash=a5fc3d…b1221e INFO [01-19|21:24:43] Commit new mining work number=7 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=758.061µs INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Successfully sealed new block number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd INFO [01-19|21:24:47] block reached canonical chain number=2 hash=62db3f…e27b50 INFO [01-19|21:24:47] mined potential block number=7 hash=003b02…e886fd INFO [01-19|21:24:47] Commit new mining work number=8 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=920.862µs INFO [01-19|21:24:48] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=5 elapsed=1m46.827s INFO [01-19|21:25:06] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=6 elapsed=2m4.338s INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Successfully sealed new block number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65 INFO [01-19|21:25:23] block reached canonical chain number=3 hash=34384b…c387f2 INFO [01-19|21:25:23] mined potential block number=8 hash=fd23c9…361c65 INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Commit new mining work number=9 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=825.737µs INFO [01-19|21:25:23] Generating DAG in progress epoch=1 percentage=7 elapsed=2m22.061s
3.3.2. 停止挖矿
> miner.stop() true >
3.3.3. 查看所挖金额
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]) 70000000000000000000
4. 管理
4.1. 控制台
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 console
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Allocated cache and file handles database=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialised chain configuration config="{ChainID: 15 Homestead: 0 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: <nil> EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: <nil> Engine: unknown}"
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches dir=/home/neo/.ethereum/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs dir=/home/neo/.ethash count=2
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Initialising Ethereum protocol versions="[63 62]" network=123456
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local header number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local full block number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded most recent local fast block number=14 hash=70d7f1…45850a td=1966848
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Loaded local transaction journal transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [01-19|22:14:52] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled
INFO [01-19|22:14:52] Starting P2P networking
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] UDP listener up self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] RLPx listener up self=enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@101.232.64.12:30303
INFO [01-19|22:14:56] IPC endpoint opened: /home/neo/.ethereum/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1
coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
at block: 14 (Fri, 19 Jan 2018 21:27:16 HST)
datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum
modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
>
> INFO [01-19|22:14:56] Mapped network port proto=udp extport=30303 intport=30303 interface="UPNP IGDv1-IP1"
4.2. 连接控制台
一般测试启动我们使用 console，如果是正式启动无需使用 console。同事我们使用&符号使其进入后台运行。
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --networkid 123456 --rpc --rpcaddr="0.0.0.0" --rpccorsdomain "*" --nodiscover &
进入控制台
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth attach Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console! instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1 coinbase: 0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6 at block: 531 (Tue, 14 Nov 2017 17:36:05 HST) datadir: /home/neo/.ethereum modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0
退出控制台
> exit
连接远程控制台
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec 'eth.coinbase' attach http://172.16.0.10:8545 "0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
4.3. 账号管理
4.3.1. 新建账号
查看账号
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
创建账号
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
Address: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607}
指定密码
echo "abc123" > passwd geth -password passwd account new
4.3.2. 查看账号
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth account list
Account #0: {83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T04-04-06.786586541Z--83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6
Account #1: {e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607} keystore:///home/neo/.ethereum/keystore/UTC--2018-01-20T06-11-23.608902164Z--e8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607
4.4. 运行JS
neo@netkiller ~/ethereum % geth --exec "eth.blockNumber" attach 531
$ geth --exec 'loadScript("/tmp/checkbalances.js")' attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
$ geth --jspath "/tmp" --exec 'loadScript("checkbalances.js")' attach http://123.123.123.123:8545
5. JavaScript Console
5.1. personal 管理
5.1.1. 创建账号
> personal.newAccount() Passphrase: Repeat passphrase: "0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
5.1.2. 显示账号
列出所有账号
> personal.listAccounts ["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]
列出指定账号
> personal.listAccounts[1] "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607" > personal.listAccounts[0] "0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
5.2. eth 管理
5.2.1. 矿工账号
查看默认旷工账号，系统中的第一个账号。
> eth.coinbase "0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
查看账号列表
> eth.accounts ["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"] > eth.accounts[0] "0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
5.2.2. 余额
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]) 70000000000000000000
5.2.2.1. 单位转换
eth.getBalance()返回的余额是以太币的最小面额wei，将wei转换为以太币ether。
primary = eth.accounts[0] balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), "ether");
演示
> primary = eth.accounts[0] "0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6" > balance = web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(primary), "ether"); 70
5.2.3. 转账
personal.unlockAccount("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "", 300)
eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})
默认矿工账号
> eth.coinbase
"0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6"
查看系统中的账号，如果没有请参考上面章节创建
> eth.accounts
["0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607"]
转出账号中又 285 个以太币
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))
285
转入账号目前是 0
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]))
0
解锁传出账号，否则不能转出。personal.unlockAccount(账号, 密码, 300)
> personal.unlockAccount("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "", 300)
true
转账操作
> eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(10, "ether")})
"0xb0674a7fee52555d8712f3a1f0f30fbbbf67ff7b5b4b53ab5d131262613215c6"
如果你现在查看转入账号，你会发现余额仍然是 0 ，交易还未成功写进区块，写进区块的方式是挖矿，所以你必须执行挖矿
> miner.start(1)
null
稍后几分钟，再次查看转入账号，将会看到有10个以太币入账。传出账号会减少10个以太币，同时仍然继续挖矿中。
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]))
10
5.3. admin 管理
5.3.1. 显示节点
显示当前节点信息
> admin.nodeInfo
{
enode: "enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0",
id: "9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527",
ip: "::",
listenAddr: "[::]:30303",
name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-amd64/go1.9.1",
ports: {
discovery: 0,
listener: 30303
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 131072,
genesis: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
head: "0x611596e7979cd4e7ca1531260fa706093a5492ecbdf58f20a39545397e424d04",
network: 123456
}
}
}
>
节点地址
enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@[::]:30303?discport=0
[::] 是 ipv6 地址，可以改为 ipv4 地址。
5.3.2. 查看池
> admin.peers []
5.3.3. 添加节点
> admin.addPeer('enode://9f6490ffb5236f2ddc5710ae73d47c740e0a3644bbd2d67029cf4a6c4693d2f470b642fd2cc3507f7e851df60aaeb730a1270b7a477f91ec5b6b17a8a4b40527@172.16.0.1:30303')
5.4. miner 挖矿管理
5.4.1. 开始挖矿
> miner.start(2) null
过几分钟后运行
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase), "ether") 30
这时我们已经看到已经产生了30个以太币。
5.4.2. 停止挖矿
> miner.stop() true >
6. 总结
7. FAQ
7.1. Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
> eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})
Error: authentication needed: password or unlock
at web3.js:3143:20
at web3.js:6347:15
at web3.js:5081:36
at <anonymous>:1:1
解锁转出账号
> personal.unlockAccount("0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6", "your_password", 300)
true
> eth.sendTransaction({from: '0x83fda0ba7e6cfa8d7319d78fa0e6b753a2bcb5a6', to: '0xe8abf98484325fd6afc59b804ac15804b978e607', value: web3.toWei(1, "ether")})
"0xd9e8c8fdc71e24ee8052048de4ff0acd7157b872393f37344c8ec2083f3fe48f"