一、数据驱动:
数据驱动是vue.js最大的特点。在vue.js中,数据驱动就是当数据发生变化的时候,用户界面发生相应的变化,开发者不需要手动的去修改dom。数据驱动还有一部分是数据更新驱动视图变化。下面我们来分析vue.js中模板和数据如何渲染成最终的DOM的。
二、Vue初始化发生了什么:
当我们new Vue的时候,发生了什么?
在上一节中,我们分析了vue初始化的代码在'src/core/instance/index.js'中,可以看到,Vue实例里面调用了this._init方法
function Vue (options) {
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
!(this instanceof Vue)
) {
warn('Vue is a constructor and should be called with the `new` keyword')
}
this._init(options)
} initMixin(Vue)
stateMixin(Vue)
eventsMixin(Vue)
lifecycleMixin(Vue)
renderMixin(Vue) export default Vue
而 _init 方法是在'src/core/instance/init.js'中定义的
Vue.prototype._init = function (options?: Object) {
const vm: Component = this
// a uid
vm._uid = uid++
let startTag, endTag
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
startTag = `vue-perf-start:${vm._uid}`
endTag = `vue-perf-end:${vm._uid}`
mark(startTag)
} // a flag to avoid this being observed
vm._isVue = true
// merge options
if (options && options._isComponent) {
// optimize internal component instantiation
// since dynamic options merging is pretty slow, and none of the
// internal component options needs special treatment.
initInternalComponent(vm, options)
} else {
vm.$options = mergeOptions(
resolveConstructorOptions(vm.constructor),
options || {},
vm
)
}
/* istanbul ignore else */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
initProxy(vm)
} else {
vm._renderProxy = vm
}
// expose real self
vm._self = vm
initLifecycle(vm)
initEvents(vm)
initRender(vm)
callHook(vm, 'beforeCreate')
initInjections(vm) // resolve injections before data/props
initState(vm)
initProvide(vm) // resolve provide after data/props
callHook(vm, 'created') /* istanbul ignore if */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
vm._name = formatComponentName(vm, false)
mark(endTag)
measure(`vue ${vm._name} init`, startTag, endTag)
} if (vm.$options.el) {
vm.$mount(vm.$options.el)
}
}
也就是说,在vue初始化的时候主要就干了这些事情:合并配置,初始化生命周期,初始化事件中心,初始化渲染,初始化 data、props、computed、watcher 等等;
各种初始化逻辑完成之后,判断vm.$options.el是否存在,如果存在,就调用
vm.$mount方法挂载vm,将模版渲染成最终的DOM;
这里我们暂时不管初始化的逻辑,先来分析Vue 的挂载过程。
三、$mount实例挂载:
$mount
这个方法的实现是和平台、构建方式都相关的,这里我们重点分析带 compiler
版本的 $mount
实现,打开'src/platform/web/entry-runtime-with-compiler.js'文件
const mount = Vue.prototype.$mount
Vue.prototype.$mount = function (
el?: string | Element,
hydrating?: boolean
): Component {
el = el && query(el) /* istanbul ignore if */
if (el === document.body || el === document.documentElement) {
process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
`Do not mount Vue to <html> or <body> - mount to normal elements instead.`
)
return this
} const options = this.$options
// resolve template/el and convert to render function
if (!options.render) {
let template = options.template
if (template) {
if (typeof template === 'string') {
if (template.charAt(0) === '#') {
template = idToTemplate(template)
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !template) {
warn(
`Template element not found or is empty: ${options.template}`,
this
)
}
}
} else if (template.nodeType) {
template = template.innerHTML
} else {
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
warn('invalid template option:' + template, this)
}
return this
}
} else if (el) {
template = getOuterHTML(el)
}
if (template) {
/* istanbul ignore if */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
mark('compile')
} const { render, staticRenderFns } = compileToFunctions(template, {
shouldDecodeNewlines,
shouldDecodeNewlinesForHref,
delimiters: options.delimiters,
comments: options.comments
}, this)
options.render = render
options.staticRenderFns = staticRenderFns /* istanbul ignore if */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
mark('compile end')
measure(`vue ${this._name} compile`, 'compile', 'compile end')
}
}
}
return mount.call(this, el, hydrating)
}
这里首先引入了原生的$mount方法,然后对这个方法进行改写;
从上往下读,首先如果是body或者html元素,就会报错,Vue 不能挂载在 body
、html
这样的根节点上;
然后, 如果没有定义 render
方法,则会把 el
或者 template
字符串转换成 render
方法,在 Vue 2.0 版本中,所有 Vue 的组件的渲染最终都需要 render
方法,它是调用 compileToFunctions
方法实现的;
最后,调用原先原型上的 $mount
方法挂载。
四、_render方法:
_render
方法是实例的一个私有方法,它用来把实例渲染成一个虚拟 Node。它的定义在 src/core/instance/render.js
文件中
Vue.prototype._render = function (): VNode {
const vm: Component = this
const { render, _parentVnode } = vm.$options if (_parentVnode) {
vm.$scopedSlots = normalizeScopedSlots(
_parentVnode.data.scopedSlots,
vm.$slots,
vm.$scopedSlots
)
} // set parent vnode. this allows render functions to have access
// to the data on the placeholder node.
vm.$vnode = _parentVnode
// render self
let vnode
try {
// There's no need to maintain a stack becaues all render fns are called
// separately from one another. Nested component's render fns are called
// when parent component is patched.
currentRenderingInstance = vm
vnode = render.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, vm, `render`)
// return error render result,
// or previous vnode to prevent render error causing blank component
/* istanbul ignore else */
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && vm.$options.renderError) {
try {
vnode = vm.$options.renderError.call(vm._renderProxy, vm.$createElement, e)
} catch (e) {
handleError(e, vm, `renderError`)
vnode = vm._vnode
}
} else {
vnode = vm._vnode
}
} finally {
currentRenderingInstance = null
}
// if the returned array contains only a single node, allow it
if (Array.isArray(vnode) && vnode.length === 1) {
vnode = vnode[0]
}
// return empty vnode in case the render function errored out
if (!(vnode instanceof VNode)) {
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && Array.isArray(vnode)) {
warn(
'Multiple root nodes returned from render function. Render function ' +
'should return a single root node.',
vm
)
}
vnode = createEmptyVNode()
}
// set parent
vnode.parent = _parentVnode
return vnode
}
vm._render
最终是通过执行 createElement
方法并返回的是 vnode
,它是一个虚拟 Node。下面我们先来分析一下Virtual DOM
五、Virtual DOM
Virtual DOM产生的前提是,浏览器中真正的 DOM 元素是非常庞大的,因为浏览器的标准就把 DOM 设计的非常复杂。当我们频繁的去做 DOM 更新,会产生一定的性能问题;
Virtual DOM 就是用一个原生的 JS 对象去描述一个 DOM 节点,所以它比创建一个 DOM 的代价要小很多。在 Vue.js 中,Virtual DOM 是用 VNode
这么一个 Class 去描述,它定义在 src/core/vdom/vnode.js
中
export default class VNode {
tag: string | void;
data: VNodeData | void;
children: ?Array<VNode>;
text: string | void;
elm: Node | void;
ns: string | void;
context: Component | void; // rendered in this component's scope
key: string | number | void;
componentOptions: VNodeComponentOptions | void;
componentInstance: Component | void; // component instance
parent: VNode | void; // component placeholder node // strictly internal
raw: boolean; // contains raw HTML? (server only)
isStatic: boolean; // hoisted static node
isRootInsert: boolean; // necessary for enter transition check
isComment: boolean; // empty comment placeholder?
isCloned: boolean; // is a cloned node?
isOnce: boolean; // is a v-once node?
asyncFactory: Function | void; // async component factory function
asyncMeta: Object | void;
isAsyncPlaceholder: boolean;
ssrContext: Object | void;
fnContext: Component | void; // real context vm for functional nodes
fnOptions: ?ComponentOptions; // for SSR caching
devtoolsMeta: ?Object; // used to store functional render context for devtools
fnScopeId: ?string; // functional scope id support constructor (
tag?: string,
data?: VNodeData,
children?: ?Array<VNode>,
text?: string,
elm?: Node,
context?: Component,
componentOptions?: VNodeComponentOptions,
asyncFactory?: Function
) {
this.tag = tag
this.data = data
this.children = children
this.text = text
this.elm = elm
this.ns = undefined
this.context = context
this.fnContext = undefined
this.fnOptions = undefined
this.fnScopeId = undefined
this.key = data && data.key
this.componentOptions = componentOptions
this.componentInstance = undefined
this.parent = undefined
this.raw = false
this.isStatic = false
this.isRootInsert = true
this.isComment = false
this.isCloned = false
this.isOnce = false
this.asyncFactory = asyncFactory
this.asyncMeta = undefined
this.isAsyncPlaceholder = false
} // DEPRECATED: alias for componentInstance for backwards compat.
/* istanbul ignore next */
get child (): Component | void {
return this.componentInstance
}
}
Virtual DOM 除了它的数据结构的定义,映射到真实的 DOM 实际上要经历 VNode 的 create、diff、patch 等过程。那么在 Vue.js 中,VNode 的 create 是通过之前提到的 createElement
方法创建的,我们接下来分析这部分的实现
六、createElement
Vue.js使用createElement 方法创建 VNode,它定义在 'src/core/vdom/create-elemenet.js'
中:
export function createElement (
context: Component,
tag: any,
data: any,
children: any,
normalizationType: any,
alwaysNormalize: boolean
): VNode | Array<VNode> {
if (Array.isArray(data) || isPrimitive(data)) {
normalizationType = children
children = data
data = undefined
}
if (isTrue(alwaysNormalize)) {
normalizationType = ALWAYS_NORMALIZE
}
return _createElement(context, tag, data, children, normalizationType)
}
createElement实际上是对 _createElement
方法的封装,它允许传入的参数更加灵活,在处理这些参数后,调用真正创建 VNode 的函数 _createElement:
export function _createElement (
context: Component,
tag?: string | Class<Component> | Function | Object,
data?: VNodeData,
children?: any,
normalizationType?: number
): VNode | Array<VNode> {
if (isDef(data) && isDef((data: any).__ob__)) {
process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
`Avoid using observed data object as vnode data: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n` +
'Always create fresh vnode data objects in each render!',
context
)
return createEmptyVNode()
}
// object syntax in v-bind
if (isDef(data) && isDef(data.is)) {
tag = data.is
}
if (!tag) {
// in case of component :is set to falsy value
return createEmptyVNode()
}
// warn against non-primitive key
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
isDef(data) && isDef(data.key) && !isPrimitive(data.key)
) {
if (!__WEEX__ || !('@binding' in data.key)) {
warn(
'Avoid using non-primitive value as key, ' +
'use string/number value instead.',
context
)
}
}
// support single function children as default scoped slot
if (Array.isArray(children) &&
typeof children[0] === 'function'
) {
data = data || {}
data.scopedSlots = { default: children[0] }
children.length = 0
}
if (normalizationType === ALWAYS_NORMALIZE) {
children = normalizeChildren(children)
} else if (normalizationType === SIMPLE_NORMALIZE) {
children = simpleNormalizeChildren(children)
}
let vnode, ns
if (typeof tag === 'string') {
let Ctor
ns = (context.$vnode && context.$vnode.ns) || config.getTagNamespace(tag)
if (config.isReservedTag(tag)) {
// platform built-in elements
vnode = new VNode(
config.parsePlatformTagName(tag), data, children,
undefined, undefined, context
)
} else if ((!data || !data.pre) && isDef(Ctor = resolveAsset(context.$options, 'components', tag))) {
// component
vnode = createComponent(Ctor, data, context, children, tag)
} else {
// unknown or unlisted namespaced elements
// check at runtime because it may get assigned a namespace when its
// parent normalizes children
vnode = new VNode(
tag, data, children,
undefined, undefined, context
)
}
} else {
// direct component options / constructor
vnode = createComponent(tag, data, context, children)
}
if (Array.isArray(vnode)) {
return vnode
} else if (isDef(vnode)) {
if (isDef(ns)) applyNS(vnode, ns)
if (isDef(data)) registerDeepBindings(data)
return vnode
} else {
return createEmptyVNode()
}
}
_createElement
方法有 5 个参数:
context
表示 VNode 的上下文环境,它是 Component
类型;
tag
表示标签,它可以是一个字符串,也可以是一个 Component
;
data
表示 VNode 的数据,它是一个 VNodeData
类型,可以在 flow/vnode.js
中找到它的定义;
children
表示当前 VNode 的子节点,它是任意类型的,它接下来需要被规范为标准的 VNode 数组;
normalizationType
表示子节点规范的类型,类型不同规范的方法也就不一样,它主要是参考 render
函数是编译生成的还是用户手写的
createElement
创建 VNode 的过程:每个 VNode 有 children
,children
每个元素也是一个 VNode,这样就形成了一个 VNode Tree,它很好的描述了我们的 DOM Tree
回到 mountComponent
函数的过程,我们已经知道 vm._render
是如何创建了一个 VNode,接下来就是要把这个 VNode 渲染成一个真实的 DOM 并渲染出来,这个过程是通过 vm._update
完成的
七、__patch__
Vue 的 _update
是实例的一个私有方法,它被调用的时机有 2 个,一个是首次渲染,一个是数据更新的时候,这里我们只分析首次渲染部分;
_update
方法的作用是把 VNode 渲染成真实的 DOM,它的定义在 src/core/instance/lifecycle.js
中
Vue.prototype._update = function (vnode: VNode, hydrating?: boolean) {
const vm: Component = this
const prevEl = vm.$el
const prevVnode = vm._vnode
const restoreActiveInstance = setActiveInstance(vm)
vm._vnode = vnode
// Vue.prototype.__patch__ is injected in entry points
// based on the rendering backend used.
if (!prevVnode) {
// initial render
vm.$el = vm.__patch__(vm.$el, vnode, hydrating, false /* removeOnly */)
} else {
// updates
vm.$el = vm.__patch__(prevVnode, vnode)
}
restoreActiveInstance()
// update __vue__ reference
if (prevEl) {
prevEl.__vue__ = null
}
if (vm.$el) {
vm.$el.__vue__ = vm
}
// if parent is an HOC, update its $el as well
if (vm.$vnode && vm.$parent && vm.$vnode === vm.$parent._vnode) {
vm.$parent.$el = vm.$el
}
// updated hook is called by the scheduler to ensure that children are
// updated in a parent's updated hook.
}
_update
的核心就是调用 vm.__patch__
方法,而在浏览器端渲染中,它指向了 patch
方法,它的定义在 src/platforms/web/runtime/patch.js
中
import * as nodeOps from 'web/runtime/node-ops'
import { createPatchFunction } from 'core/vdom/patch'
import baseModules from 'core/vdom/modules/index'
import platformModules from 'web/runtime/modules/index' // the directive module should be applied last, after all
// built-in modules have been applied.
const modules = platformModules.concat(baseModules) export const patch: Function = createPatchFunction({ nodeOps, modules })
该方法的定义是调用 createPatchFunction 的返回值,createPatchFunction的实现定义在‘src/core/vdom/patch.js’中:
export function createPatchFunction (backend) {
let i, j
const cbs = {} const { modules, nodeOps } = backend for (i = 0; i < hooks.length; ++i) {
cbs[hooks[i]] = []
for (j = 0; j < modules.length; ++j) {
if (isDef(modules[j][hooks[i]])) {
cbs[hooks[i]].push(modules[j][hooks[i]])
}
}
} function emptyNodeAt (elm) {
return new VNode(nodeOps.tagName(elm).toLowerCase(), {}, [], undefined, elm)
} function createRmCb (childElm, listeners) {
function remove () {
if (--remove.listeners === 0) {
removeNode(childElm)
}
}
remove.listeners = listeners
return remove
}
//...
}
createPatchFunction
内部定义了一系列的辅助方法,最终返回了一个 patch
方法,这个方法就赋值给了 vm._update
函数里调用的 vm.__patch__
patch
方法本身,它接收 4个参数:
oldVnode
表示旧的 VNode 节点,它也可以不存在或者是一个 DOM 对象;
vnode
表示执行 _render
后返回的 VNode 的节点;
hydrating
表示是否是服务端渲染;
removeOnly
是给 transition-group
用的
return function patch (oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
if (isUndef(vnode)) {
if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
return
} let isInitialPatch = false
const insertedVnodeQueue = [] if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
// empty mount (likely as component), create new root element
isInitialPatch = true
createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
} else {
const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
// patch existing root node
patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly)
} else {
if (isRealElement) {
// mounting to a real element
// check if this is server-rendered content and if we can perform
// a successful hydration.
if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
hydrating = true
}
if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
return oldVnode
} else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
warn(
'The client-side rendered virtual DOM tree is not matching ' +
'server-rendered content. This is likely caused by incorrect ' +
'HTML markup, for example nesting block-level elements inside ' +
'<p>, or missing <tbody>. Bailing hydration and performing ' +
'full client-side render.'
)
}
}
// either not server-rendered, or hydration failed.
// create an empty node and replace it
oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
} // replacing existing element
const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm) // create new node
createElm(
vnode,
insertedVnodeQueue,
// extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
// leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
// keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
) // update parent placeholder node element, recursively
if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
let ancestor = vnode.parent
const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
while (ancestor) {
for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
}
ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
if (patchable) {
for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
}
// #6513
// invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
// e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
if (insert.merged) {
// start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
insert.fns[i]()
}
}
} else {
registerRef(ancestor)
}
ancestor = ancestor.parent
}
} // destroy old node
if (isDef(parentElm)) {
removeVnodes(parentElm, [oldVnode], 0, 0)
} else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
}
}
} invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, isInitialPatch)
return vnode.elm
}
八、总结
至此我们从主线上把模板和数据如何渲染成最终的 DOM 的过程分析完毕了,我们可以看到从初始化 Vue 到最终渲染的整个过程:
new Vue => init => $mount => compile => render => vnode => patch => dom