一、GIT命令行
[root@localhost ~]# git
usage: git [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]] [--html-path]
[-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
[--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
[--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
The most commonly used git commands are:
add Add file contents to the index
bisect Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug
branch List, create, or delete branches
checkout Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree
clone Clone a repository into a new directory
commit Record changes to the repository
diff Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc
fetch Download objects and refs from another repository
grep Print lines matching a pattern
init Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one
log Show commit logs
merge Join two or more development histories together
mv Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink
pull Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch
push Update remote refs along with associated objects
rebase Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
reset Reset current HEAD to the specified state
rm Remove files from the working tree and from the index
show Show various types of objects
status Show the working tree status
tag Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG
See 'git help COMMAND' for more information on a specific command.
二、Git创建仓库
（1）创建一个项目
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir public_html
[root@localhost ~]# cd public_html/
[root@localhost public_html]# echo 'My website is alive!' > index.html
[root@localhost public_html]# ls
index.html
（2）执行git init将目录转化为版本库
[root@localhost public_html]# git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /root/public_html/.git/
[root@localhost public_html]# ls -a
. .. .git index.html
在执行完成 git init 命令后，Git 仓库会生成一个 .git 目录，该目录包含了资源的所有元数据，其他的项目目录保持不变（不像 SVN 会在每个子目录生成 .svn 目录，Git 只在仓库的根目录生成 .git 目录）。
（3）将文件添加到版本库
[root@localhost public_html]# git add index.html
如果目录中有多个文件，使用git add . 命令将当前目录及子目录的文件都添加到版本库中。
（4）查看状态
[root@localhost public_html]# git status
# On branch master
#
# Initial commit
#
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
#
# new file: index.html
#
（5）提交
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit -m "Initial contents of public_html" --author="tong <tong@test.com>"
[master (root-commit) b4e2a14] Initial contents of public_html
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 index.html
（6）让git在提交时打开编辑器，设置你的GIT_EDITOR环境变量
[root@localhost public_html]# export GIT_EDITOR=vim
[root@localhost public_html]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
（7）编辑文件再次提交
[root@localhost public_html]# cat index.html
<html>
<body>
My website is alive!
</body>
</html>
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit index.html 这时会进入编辑器
# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
# Explicit paths specified without -i nor -o; assuming --only paths...
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# modified: index.html
#
This is new html!
保存退出
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit index.html
[master 0a30716] This is new html!
1 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
（8）查看提交
[root@localhost public_html]# git log
commit 0a3071601cc10777e271a952ead46cffba233e24
Author: tong <tong@test.com>
Date: Tue Feb 27 11:52:29 2018 +0800
This is new html!
commit b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d
Author: tong <tong@test.com>
Date: Tue Feb 27 11:45:23 2018 +0800
Initial contents of public_html
[root@localhost public_html]# git show b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d
commit b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d
Author: tong <tongxiaoda@anzhi.com>
Date: Tue Feb 27 11:45:23 2018 +0800
Initial contents of public_html
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34217e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+My website is alive!
[root@localhost public_html]# git show-branch --more=5
[master] This is new html!
[master^] Initial contents of public_html
（9）查看提交差异
[root@localhost public_html]# git diff 0a3071601cc10777e271a952ead46cffba233e24 b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 8638631..34217e9 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1,5 +1 @@
-<html>
-<body>
My website is alive!
-</body>
-</html>
（10）版本库内文件的删除和重命名
[root@localhost public_html]# ls
index.html poem.html
[root@localhost public_html]# git rm poem.html
rm 'poem.html'
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit -m "Remove a poem"
[master 19a473c] Remove a poem
1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 poem.html
[root@localhost public_html]# ls
bar.html index.html
[root@localhost public_html]# mv bar.html foo.html
[root@localhost public_html]# git rm bar.html
rm 'bar.html'
[root@localhost public_html]# git add foo.html
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit -m "mv bar to foo"
[master aa431d9] mv bar to foo
1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
rename bar.html => foo.html (100%)
（11）创建版本库的副版本
这就是不同开发者如何通过Git在相同的文件上从事项目开发，并保持与其他版本库同步。
[root@localhost ~]# git clone public_html my_website
Initialized empty Git repository in /root/my_website/.git/
[root@localhost ~]# ls -lsa public_html my_website
my_website:
total 20
4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 27 13:08 .
4 dr-xr-x---. 8 root root 4096 Feb 27 13:08 ..
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 51 Feb 27 13:08 foo.html
4 drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Feb 27 13:08 .git
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 51 Feb 27 13:08 index.html
public_html:
total 20
4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 27 13:05 .
4 dr-xr-x---. 8 root root 4096 Feb 27 13:08 ..
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 51 Feb 27 13:04 foo.html
4 drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Feb 27 13:06 .git
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 51 Feb 27 11:50 index.html
[root@localhost ~]# diff -r public_html my_website
Only in public_html/.git: COMMIT_EDITMSG
diff -r public_html/.git/config my_website/.git/config
5a6,11
> [remote "origin"]
> fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
> url = /root/public_html
> [branch "master"]
> remote = origin
> merge = refs/heads/master
Binary files public_html/.git/index and my_website/.git/index differ
diff -r public_html/.git/logs/HEAD my_website/.git/logs/HEAD
1,6c1
< 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d tong <tong@test.com> 1519703123 +0800 commit (initial): Initial contents of public_html
< b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d 0a3071601cc10777e271a952ead46cffba233e24 tong <tong@test.com> 1519703549 +0800 commit: This is new html!
< 0a3071601cc10777e271a952ead46cffba233e24 5be473e1ed6d04ed9e96b7fa3e9e2860607cbd31 tong <tong@test.com> 1519703956 +0800 commit: add poem.html
< 5be473e1ed6d04ed9e96b7fa3e9e2860607cbd31 19a473c2e935efa59b8edea19d2d12be96987a97 tong <tong@test.com> 1519704003 +0800 commit: Remove a poem
< 19a473c2e935efa59b8edea19d2d12be96987a97 1ed9a862e62bd5513021838cb435cf8170e2173d tong <tong@test.com> 1519707877 +0800 commit: new bar
< 1ed9a862e62bd5513021838cb435cf8170e2173d aa431d938e85445f6c22c7389a37349f587d5b01 tong <tong@test.com> 1519707981 +0800 commit: mv bar to foo
---
> 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 aa431d938e85445f6c22c7389a37349f587d5b01 tong <tong@test.com> 1519708133 +0800 clone: from /root/public_html
diff -r public_html/.git/logs/refs/heads/master my_website/.git/logs/refs/heads/master
1,6c1
< 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d tong <tong@test.com> 1519703123 +0800 commit (initial): Initial contents of public_html
< b4e2a14de84d29ea8890a2e19f039eb08bc2fc7d 0a3071601cc10777e271a952ead46cffba233e24 tong <tong@test.com> 1519703549 +0800 commit: This is new html!
< 0a3071601cc10777e271a952ead46cffba233e24 5be473e1ed6d04ed9e96b7fa3e9e2860607cbd31 tong <tong@test.com> 1519703956 +0800 commit: add poem.html
< 5be473e1ed6d04ed9e96b7fa3e9e2860607cbd31 19a473c2e935efa59b8edea19d2d12be96987a97 tong <tong@test.com> 1519704003 +0800 commit: Remove a poem
< 19a473c2e935efa59b8edea19d2d12be96987a97 1ed9a862e62bd5513021838cb435cf8170e2173d tong <tong@test.com> 1519707877 +0800 commit: new bar
< 1ed9a862e62bd5513021838cb435cf8170e2173d aa431d938e85445f6c22c7389a37349f587d5b01 tong <tong@test.com> 1519707981 +0800 commit: mv bar to foo
---
> 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 aa431d938e85445f6c22c7389a37349f587d5b01 tong <tong@test.com> 1519708133 +0800 clone: from /root/public_html
Only in my_website/.git: packed-refs
Only in my_website/.git/refs: remotes