面向对象之 组合 封装 多态 property 装饰器

1.组合

什么是组合?

一个对象的属性是来自另一个类的对象,称之为组合

为什么要用组合

  组合也是用来解决类与类代码冗余的问题

3.如何用组合

# obj1.xxx=obj2
'''
'''
# class Foo:
# aaa=1111
# def __init__(self,x,y):
# self.x=x
# self.y=y
# def func1(self):
# print('foo中的功能')
#
# class Bar:
# bbb=2222
# def __init__(self, m, n):
# self.m = m
# self.n = n
# def func2(self):
# print('bar中的功能')
#
# obj1=Foo(10,20)
# obj2=Bar(30,40)
#
# obj1.xxx=obj2 #组合
# print(obj1.x,obj1.y,obj1.aaa,obj1.func1)
# print(obj1.xxx.m,obj1.xxx.n,obj1.xxx.bbb,obj1.xxx.func2) # class OldboyPeople:
# school = 'Oldboy'
# def __init__(self, name, age, gender):
# self.name = name
# self.age = age
# self.gender = gender
#
# class OldboyStudent(OldboyPeople):
# def choose_course(self):
# print('%s is choosing course' %self.name)
#
# class OldboyTeacher(OldboyPeople):
# def __init__(self, name, age, gender,level,salary):
# super(OldboyTeacher, self).__init__(name, age, gender)
# # OldboyPeople.__init__(self, name, age, gender)
# self.level=level
# self.salary=salary
# def score(self,stu,num):
# stu.num=num
# print('老师%s给学生%s打分%s' %(self.name,stu.name,num))
#
# class Course:
# def __init__(self,course_name,course_price,course_period):
# self.course_name=course_name
# self.course_price=course_price
# self.course_period=course_period
# def tell_course(self):
# print('课程名:<%s> 价钱:[%s] 周期:[%s]' % (self.course_name, self.course_price, self.course_period))
#
# python_obj=Course('python开发',3000,'5mons')
# linux_obj=Course('linux运维',5000,'3mons')
#
#
# stu1=OldboyStudent('egon',18,'male')
# stu1.choose_course()
#
# stu1.courses=[]
# stu1.courses.append(python_obj)
# stu1.courses.append(linux_obj)
# stu1.courses[0].tell_course()
#
#
# tea2=OldboyTeacher('kevin',38,'male',5,3000)
# tea2.score(stu1,60) '''
封装
什么是封装?
封装指的是把属性装进一个容器
封 指的是将容器内的属性隐藏你起来,但是这种隐藏是对外不对内的 为何要封装?
封装不是单纯意义的隐藏
封装数据属性的目的:将数据属性封装起来,类外部的使用就无法直接操作改属性了
需要类内部开一个接口给使用者,类的设计者可以再接口之上附加任意逻辑,从而严格控制使用者对属性的操作 封装函数(功能)属性的目的:隔离复杂度,(很多功能是给内部用的,给外部封装起来隔离复杂度) 3.如何封装?
  只需要在属性钱加上__开头,该属性就会被隐藏起来,该隐藏具备的特点:
  1.只是一种语法意义上的变形,即__开头的属性会在检测语法时发生变形,_类名__属性名
  2.这种隐藏式对外不对内的,因为在类内部检测语法时所有的代码都发生了变形
  3.这种变形只在检测语法时发生一次,在类定义之后新增的__开头的属性并不会发生变形
  4.如果父类不想让子类覆盖自己的属性,可以再属性前加__开头
# class Foo:
# __x=111 #_Foo__x
# def __init__(self,m,n):
# self.__m=m # self._Foo__m=m
# self.n=n
#
# def __func(self): #_Foo__func
# print('Foo.func')
#
# def func1(self):
# print(self.__m) #self._Foo__m
# print(self.__x) #self._Foo__x # print(Foo.__dict__)
# Foo.__x
# Foo.__func
# print(Foo._Foo__x)
# print(Foo._Foo__func) obj=Foo(10,20)
# print(obj.__dict__)
# print(obj.n)
# print(obj.__m)
# print(obj._Foo__m) # obj.func1()
# obj._Foo__func() # obj.__yyy=3333 #特点三,
# print(obj.__dict__)
# print(obj.__yyy) # Foo.__zzz=444
# Foo.zzz=333
# print(Foo.__dict__)
# print(Foo.__zzz) # class Foo:
# def __f1(self): #_Foo__f1
# print('Foo.f1')
#
# def f2(self):
# print('Foo.f2')
# self.__f1() #self._Foo__f1
#
# class Bar(Foo):
# def __f1(self): #_Bar__f1
# print('Bar.f1')
#
# obj=Bar()
# obj.f2() # 封装数据属性的真实意图
# class People:
# def __init__(self,name,age):
# self.__name=name
# self.__age=age
# def tell_info(self):
# print('<name:%s age:%s>' %(self.__name,self.__age))
# def set_info(self,new_name,new_age):
# if type(new_name) is not str:
# print('name error')
# return
# self.__name=new_name
# if type(new_age) is not int:
# print('age error')
# return
# self.__age=new_age
# def clear_info(self):
# del self.__name
# del self.__age
#
# obj1=People('aaa',10)
# obj1.tell_info()
# obj1.set_info('aaa',111)
# print(obj1.__dict__)
# obj1.clear_info()
# print(obj1.__dict__) # 封装函数属性的真实意图
# class ATM:
# def __card(self):
# print('插卡')
# def __auth(self):
# print('用户认证')
# def __input(self):
# print('输入取款金额')
# def __print_bill(self):
# print('打印账单')
# def __take_money(self):
# print('取款')
#
# def withdraw(self):
# self.__card()
# self.__auth()
# self.__input()
# self.__print_bill()
# self.__take_money()
#
# a=ATM()
# a.withdraw()
''' # property装饰器:将类中定义的函数(功能)伪装成数据属性
# @property #查看属性的功能
# @xxx.setter #修改属性的功能
# @xxx.deleter #删除属性的功能
# name=property(xxx_name,yyy_name,zzz_name) #古老的做法非装饰下使用这种,(按照括号里的参数名顺序)
'''
例一:BMI指数(bmi是计算而来的,但很明显它听起来像是一个属性而非方法,如果我们将其做成一个属性,更便于理解) 成人的BMI数值:
过轻:低于18.5
正常:18.5-23.9
过重:24-27
肥胖:28-32
非常肥胖, 高于32
  体质指数(BMI)=体重(kg)÷身高^2(m)
  EX:70kg÷(1.75×1.75)=22.86 # class People:
# def __init__(self,name,weight,height):
# self.name=name
# self.weight=weight
# self.height=height
# @property
# def bmi(self):
# print(self.weight/(self.height**2))
#
# obj1=People('aaa',65,1.78)
# obj1.bmi
# obj1.height=1.70
# # obj1.bmi()
# obj1.bmi # 需要了解的property的用法 setter,deleter
# class People:
# def __init__(self,name):
# self.__name=name
# @property
# def name(self):
# return '<name:%s>' %self.__name
# @name.setter
# def name(self,new_name):
# if type(new_name) is not str:
# print('name error')
# return
# self.__name=new_name
# @name.deleter
# def name(self):
# del self.__name
#
# obj=People('egon')
# print(obj.name)
#
# obj.name=123
# print(obj.name)
#
# del obj.name
# print(obj.__dict__) # 常规工作常使用套路
# class People:
# def __init__(self,name):
# self.__name=name
# def xxx_name(self):
# return '<name:%s>' %self.__name
#
# def yyy_name(self,new_name):
# if type(new_name) is not str:
# print('名字必须是str类型')
# return
# self.__name=new_name
# def zzz_name(self):
# del self.__name
#
# name=property(xxx_name,yyy_name,zzz_name)
#
# obj=People('egon')
# print(obj.name)
#
# obj.name=123
# print(obj.name)
#
# del obj.name
# print(obj.__dict__)
'''

多态
1.什么是多态
同一事物的多种形态
在程序中继承可以表现出多态
2.为何要用多态?
多态性:可以再不用考虑对象具体类型(类)的前提下而直接使用对象下的方法
多态的精髓:统一标准
3如何使用多态?
# python崇尚鸭子类型
'''
import abc # class Animal(): # (metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
# # @abc.abstractmethod
# def speak(self):
# pass # Animal() # 父类只是用来建立规范的,不能用来实例化的,更无需实现内部的方法
# class People(Animal):
# def speak(self):
# print('say hello')
# # def jiao(self):
# # print('say hello')
#
# class Dog(Animal):
# def speak(self):
# print('汪汪汪')
#
# class Pig(Animal):
# def speak(self):
# print('哼哼哼')
#
#
# peo=People()
# dog1=Dog()
# pig1=Pig()
#
#
# peo.speak()
# dog1.speak()
# pig1.speak()
# def speak(animal):
# animal.speak()
#
# speak(peo)
# speak(dog1)
# speak(pig1) # python崇尚鸭子类型
# class Memory:
# def read(self):
# print('mem read')
#
# def write(self):
# print('mem write')
#
# class Disk:
# def read(self):
# print('disk read')
#
# def write(self):
# print('disk write')
#
# class Cpu:
# def read(self):
# print('cpu read')
#
# def write(self):
# print('cpu write')
#
#
# obj1=Memory()
# obj2=Disk()
# obj3=Cpu()
#
# obj1.read()
# obj2.read()
# obj3.read()
#
#
# ''.__len__()
# [].__len__()
# len([1,2,3]) #[1,2,3].__len__()
'''
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