Android的线程和线程池--《Android开发艺术探索》阅读笔记——第十一章

文章目录

除了Thread,Android中扮演线程的角色还有:AsyncTask、HandlerThread、IntentService。

  • AsyncTask:内部封装线程池、handler,便于在子线程中更新UI。
  • HandlerThread:可以使用消息循环的线程,在它内部可以使用Handler。
  • IntentService:内部使用HandlerThread执行任务,完毕后会自动退出。(相比后台线程)因是组件,优先级高,不易被杀死。

线程是操作系统调度的最小单元,是一种受限的资源,不可能无限制的产生。且线程的创建和销毁需要相应的开销。且存在大量线程时,系统会通过时间片轮转的方式调度线程,因此线程不可能做到并行,除非线程数小于等于cpu数。所以需要 线程池,它可以缓存一定数量的线程,避免频繁地线程创建和销毁带来的系统开销。

一、Android中的线程形态

1.1 AsyncTask

AsyncTask是用来在线程池中处理异步任务,并可以把处理进度和结果发送到UI线程。

1.1.1 使用方法

AsyncTask的基本使用方法,示例如下:

    private void testAsyncTask() {
        //一般要在主线程实例化。(实际在9.0上 子线程创建实例然后主线程execute没问题)
        //三个泛型参数依次表示参数类型、进度类型、结果类型。
        //覆写的这几个方法不可以直接调用
        AsyncTask<Integer, Integer, String> task = new AsyncTask<Integer, Integer, String>() {

            @Override
            protected void onPreExecute() {
                super.onPreExecute();
                //主线程执行,在异步任务之前
                Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask onPreExecute: ");
            }

            @Override
            protected String doInBackground(Integer... integers) {
                Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask doInBackground: ");
                //任务在 线程池中执行 耗时操作
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                //发出进度
                publishProgress(50);
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                //再发出进度
                publishProgress(100);

                return "我是结果。参数是" + integers[0];
            }

            @Override
            protected void onPostExecute(String s) {
                super.onPostExecute(s);
                //在主线程执行,在异步任务执行完之后
                Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask onPostExecute: "+s);
            }

            @Override
            protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... values) {
                super.onProgressUpdate(values);
                //执行在主线程,调用publishProgress()后就会执行
                Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask onProgressUpdate: 进度:"+values[0]+"%");
            }

            @Override
            protected void onCancelled() {
                super.onCancelled();
                //取消任务
            }
        };
        //必须要在主线程执行execute,且只能执行一次
        task.execute(100);
    }

执行结果日志如下:

2020-01-14 11:29:03.510 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onPreExecute: 
2020-01-14 11:29:03.511 13209-13282/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask doInBackground: 
2020-01-14 11:29:04.558 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onProgressUpdate: 进度:50%
2020-01-14 11:29:05.589 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onProgressUpdate: 进度:100%
2020-01-14 11:29:05.590 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onPostExecute: 我是结果。参数是100

1.1.2 原理分析:

先看构造方法

    public AsyncTask() {
        this((Looper) null);
    }
    public AsyncTask(@Nullable Handler handler) {
        this(handler != null ? handler.getLooper() : null);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.
     */
    public AsyncTask(@Nullable Looper callbackLooper) {
        mHandler = callbackLooper == null || callbackLooper == Looper.getMainLooper()
            ? getMainHandler()
            : new Handler(callbackLooper);

        mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
            public Result call() throws Exception {
                mTaskInvoked.set(true);
                Result result = null;
                try {
                    Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
                    //noinspection unchecked
                    result = doInBackground(mParams);
                    Binder.flushPendingCommands();
                } catch (Throwable tr) {
                    mCancelled.set(true);
                    throw tr;
                } finally {
                	//执行完,发出结果
                    postResult(result);
                }
                return result;
            }
        };

        mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
            @Override
            protected void done() {
                try {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred while executing doInBackground()",
                            e.getCause());
                } catch (CancellationException e) {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
                }
            }
        };
    }
    private static Handler getMainHandler() {
        synchronized (AsyncTask.class) {
            if (sHandler == null) {
            	//这里传入的是主线程的looper,所以用来把消息切到主线程
                sHandler = new InternalHandler(Looper.getMainLooper());
            }
            return sHandler;
        }
    }

看到,首先使用主线程的Looper创建了InternalHandler实例。然后创建了WorkerRunnable的实例mWorker,call方法中看到调用了 doInBackground(mParams),可以猜想call方法是执行在线程池的。然后创建了FutureTask的实例mFuture并传入了mWorker,mFuture怎么使用的呢?后面会分析道。我们可以先看下Handler的实现InternalHandler:

    private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
        public InternalHandler(Looper looper) {
            super(looper);
        }

        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            AsyncTaskResult<?> result = (AsyncTaskResult<?>) msg.obj;
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
                    // There is only one result
                    result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
                    break;
                case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
                    result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

看到有处理发送结果、处理发送进度的消息。消息从哪发来的呢?先留个疑问。继续看AsyncTask的execute方法:

    private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR;
    /**
     *  串行 执行器
     */
    public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor();
    
    @MainThread
    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {
        return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);
    }

    @MainThread
    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
            Params... params) {
        if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
            switch (mStatus) {
                case RUNNING:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
                            + " the task is already running.");
                case FINISHED:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
                            + " the task has already been executed "
                            + "(a task can be executed only once)");
            }
        }

        mStatus = Status.RUNNING;

        onPreExecute();

        mWorker.mParams = params;
        exec.execute(mFuture);

        return this;
    }

execute方法走到了executeOnExecutor方法,先进行当前任务状态的判断,默认是准备执行任务的PENDING状态,然后变为RUNNING。但如果正在执行的RUNNING、执行完的FINISHED都会抛出异常。这也是一个任务实例只能执行一次的原因。然后又走到了onPreExecute(),因为execute执行在UI线程 所以也解释了其是执行在UI线程的原因。接着把参数赋值给mWorker,mFuture作为参数执行 静态的sDefaultExecutor的execute()方法。注意到sDefaultExecutor是SerialExecutor实例,去瞅瞅:

	//线程池
    public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR;

    static {
        ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
                CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);
        threadPoolExecutor.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
        THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR = threadPoolExecutor;
    }
    
    private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
        final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
        Runnable mActive;
		//execute方法加了锁
        public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
        	//把r存入到任务队列的队尾
            mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        r.run();
                    } finally {
                    	//任务执行完,就执行下一个
                        scheduleNext();
                    }
                }
            });
            //把r存入任务队列后,然后当前没有取出的任务,就 取 队列头部 的任务执行
            if (mActive == null) {
                scheduleNext();
            }
        }

        protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
        	//取 队列头部 的任务执行
            if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {
            	//THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR是线程池
                THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);
            }
        }
    }

上面都有注释,可见SerialExecutor就是串行执行器,最终执行在THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR的线程池中。r.run()实际走的是FutureTask的run方法:

    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }
    
    public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RUNNER, null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                
                	//callable的call方法
                    result = c.call();
                    
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }

FutureTask的run方法中调用的传入的callable的call()方法,再结合上面AsyncTask的构造方法,mWorker就是实现callable的call()方法。所以里面的doInBackground方法就会串行的执行在线程池中。因为串行,那使用execute方法不能执行特别耗时的任务,否则会阻塞后面等待的任务。若想要并行,可采用AsyncTask的executeOnExecutor方法,传入线程池THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR即可

还注意到,doInBackground执行完后调用了postResult(result),result就是doInBackground返回值:

    private Handler getHandler() {
        return mHandler;
    }
    private Result postResult(Result result) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Message message = getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
                new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
        message.sendToTarget();
        return result;
    }

看到,使用handler发送消息,消息类型就是MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,前面看到InternalHandler内部handleMessage是有处理的,就是调用task的finish方法:

    private void finish(Result result) {
        if (isCancelled()) {
        	//如果任务取消了,回调onCancelled
            onCancelled(result);
        } else {
        	//没有取消
            onPostExecute(result);
        }
        //修改任务状态为完成
        mStatus = Status.FINISHED;
    }

可见如果没有调用cancel(),就会走onPostExecute,所以onPostExecute也是执行在UI线程的

最后看下publishProgress方法:

    protected final void publishProgress(Progress... values) {
        if (!isCancelled()) {
            getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,
                    new AsyncTaskResult<Progress>(this, values)).sendToTarget();
        }
    }

如果没有取消任务,也是用handler,消息类型就是MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,前面看到InternalHandler内部handleMessage是有处理的,最后在UI线程执行onProgressUpdate方法。

举两个例子

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