文章目录
除了Thread,Android中扮演线程的角色还有:AsyncTask、HandlerThread、IntentService。
- AsyncTask:内部封装线程池、handler,便于在子线程中更新UI。
- HandlerThread:可以使用消息循环的线程,在它内部可以使用Handler。
- IntentService:内部使用HandlerThread执行任务,完毕后会自动退出。(相比后台线程)因是组件,优先级高,不易被杀死。
线程是操作系统调度的最小单元,是一种受限的资源,不可能无限制的产生。且线程的创建和销毁需要相应的开销。且存在大量线程时,系统会通过时间片轮转的方式调度线程,因此线程不可能做到并行,除非线程数小于等于cpu数。所以需要 线程池,它可以缓存一定数量的线程,避免频繁地线程创建和销毁带来的系统开销。
一、Android中的线程形态
1.1 AsyncTask
AsyncTask是用来在线程池中处理异步任务,并可以把处理进度和结果发送到UI线程。
1.1.1 使用方法
AsyncTask的基本使用方法,示例如下:
private void testAsyncTask() {
//一般要在主线程实例化。(实际在9.0上 子线程创建实例然后主线程execute没问题)
//三个泛型参数依次表示参数类型、进度类型、结果类型。
//覆写的这几个方法不可以直接调用
AsyncTask<Integer, Integer, String> task = new AsyncTask<Integer, Integer, String>() {
@Override
protected void onPreExecute() {
super.onPreExecute();
//主线程执行,在异步任务之前
Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask onPreExecute: ");
}
@Override
protected String doInBackground(Integer... integers) {
Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask doInBackground: ");
//任务在 线程池中执行 耗时操作
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//发出进度
publishProgress(50);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//再发出进度
publishProgress(100);
return "我是结果。参数是" + integers[0];
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(String s) {
super.onPostExecute(s);
//在主线程执行,在异步任务执行完之后
Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask onPostExecute: "+s);
}
@Override
protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... values) {
super.onProgressUpdate(values);
//执行在主线程,调用publishProgress()后就会执行
Log.i(TAG, "testAsyncTask onProgressUpdate: 进度:"+values[0]+"%");
}
@Override
protected void onCancelled() {
super.onCancelled();
//取消任务
}
};
//必须要在主线程执行execute,且只能执行一次
task.execute(100);
}
执行结果日志如下:
2020-01-14 11:29:03.510 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onPreExecute:
2020-01-14 11:29:03.511 13209-13282/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask doInBackground:
2020-01-14 11:29:04.558 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onProgressUpdate: 进度:50%
2020-01-14 11:29:05.589 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onProgressUpdate: 进度:100%
2020-01-14 11:29:05.590 13209-13209/com.hfy.demo01 I/hfy: testAsyncTask onPostExecute: 我是结果。参数是100
1.1.2 原理分析:
先看构造方法
public AsyncTask() {
this((Looper) null);
}
public AsyncTask(@Nullable Handler handler) {
this(handler != null ? handler.getLooper() : null);
}
/**
* Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.
*/
public AsyncTask(@Nullable Looper callbackLooper) {
mHandler = callbackLooper == null || callbackLooper == Looper.getMainLooper()
? getMainHandler()
: new Handler(callbackLooper);
mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
public Result call() throws Exception {
mTaskInvoked.set(true);
Result result = null;
try {
Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
//noinspection unchecked
result = doInBackground(mParams);
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
} catch (Throwable tr) {
mCancelled.set(true);
throw tr;
} finally {
//执行完,发出结果
postResult(result);
}
return result;
}
};
mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
@Override
protected void done() {
try {
postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred while executing doInBackground()",
e.getCause());
} catch (CancellationException e) {
postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
}
}
};
}
private static Handler getMainHandler() {
synchronized (AsyncTask.class) {
if (sHandler == null) {
//这里传入的是主线程的looper,所以用来把消息切到主线程
sHandler = new InternalHandler(Looper.getMainLooper());
}
return sHandler;
}
}
看到,首先使用主线程的Looper创建了InternalHandler实例。然后创建了WorkerRunnable的实例mWorker,call方法中看到调用了 doInBackground(mParams),可以猜想call方法是执行在线程池的。然后创建了FutureTask的实例mFuture并传入了mWorker,mFuture怎么使用的呢?后面会分析道。我们可以先看下Handler的实现InternalHandler:
private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
public InternalHandler(Looper looper) {
super(looper);
}
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
AsyncTaskResult<?> result = (AsyncTaskResult<?>) msg.obj;
switch (msg.what) {
case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
// There is only one result
result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
break;
case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
break;
}
}
}
看到有处理发送结果、处理发送进度的消息。消息从哪发来的呢?先留个疑问。继续看AsyncTask的execute方法:
private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR;
/**
* 串行 执行器
*/
public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor();
@MainThread
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {
return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);
}
@MainThread
public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
Params... params) {
if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
switch (mStatus) {
case RUNNING:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task is already running.");
case FINISHED:
throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
+ " the task has already been executed "
+ "(a task can be executed only once)");
}
}
mStatus = Status.RUNNING;
onPreExecute();
mWorker.mParams = params;
exec.execute(mFuture);
return this;
}
execute方法走到了executeOnExecutor方法,先进行当前任务状态的判断,默认是准备执行任务的PENDING状态,然后变为RUNNING。但如果正在执行的RUNNING、执行完的FINISHED都会抛出异常。这也是一个任务实例只能执行一次的原因。然后又走到了onPreExecute(),因为execute执行在UI线程 所以也解释了其是执行在UI线程的原因。接着把参数赋值给mWorker,mFuture作为参数执行 静态的sDefaultExecutor的execute()方法。注意到sDefaultExecutor是SerialExecutor实例,去瞅瞅:
//线程池
public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR;
static {
ThreadPoolExecutor threadPoolExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);
threadPoolExecutor.allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true);
THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR = threadPoolExecutor;
}
private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
Runnable mActive;
//execute方法加了锁
public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
//把r存入到任务队列的队尾
mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
r.run();
} finally {
//任务执行完,就执行下一个
scheduleNext();
}
}
});
//把r存入任务队列后,然后当前没有取出的任务,就 取 队列头部 的任务执行
if (mActive == null) {
scheduleNext();
}
}
protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
//取 队列头部 的任务执行
if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {
//THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR是线程池
THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);
}
}
}
上面都有注释,可见SerialExecutor就是串行执行器,最终执行在THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR的线程池中。r.run()实际走的是FutureTask的run方法:
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.callable = callable;
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
public void run() {
if (state != NEW ||
!U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RUNNER, null, Thread.currentThread()))
return;
try {
Callable<V> c = callable;
if (c != null && state == NEW) {
V result;
boolean ran;
try {
//callable的call方法
result = c.call();
ran = true;
} catch (Throwable ex) {
result = null;
ran = false;
setException(ex);
}
if (ran)
set(result);
}
} finally {
// runner must be non-null until state is settled to
// prevent concurrent calls to run()
runner = null;
// state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
// leaked interrupts
int s = state;
if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
}
}
FutureTask的run方法中调用的传入的callable的call()方法,再结合上面AsyncTask的构造方法,mWorker就是实现callable的call()方法。所以里面的doInBackground方法就会串行的执行在线程池中。因为串行,那使用execute方法不能执行特别耗时的任务,否则会阻塞后面等待的任务。若想要并行,可采用AsyncTask的executeOnExecutor方法,传入线程池THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR即可。
还注意到,doInBackground执行完后调用了postResult(result),result就是doInBackground返回值:
private Handler getHandler() {
return mHandler;
}
private Result postResult(Result result) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Message message = getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
message.sendToTarget();
return result;
}
看到,使用handler发送消息,消息类型就是MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,前面看到InternalHandler内部handleMessage是有处理的,就是调用task的finish方法:
private void finish(Result result) {
if (isCancelled()) {
//如果任务取消了,回调onCancelled
onCancelled(result);
} else {
//没有取消
onPostExecute(result);
}
//修改任务状态为完成
mStatus = Status.FINISHED;
}
可见如果没有调用cancel(),就会走onPostExecute,所以onPostExecute也是执行在UI线程的。
最后看下publishProgress方法:
protected final void publishProgress(Progress... values) {
if (!isCancelled()) {
getHandler().obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,
new AsyncTaskResult<Progress>(this, values)).sendToTarget();
}
}
如果没有取消任务,也是用handler,消息类型就是MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS,前面看到InternalHandler内部handleMessage是有处理的,最后在UI线程执行onProgressUpdate方法。
举两个例子