这段时间需要学习Hadoop了,以前一直听说Hadoop,但是从来没有研究过,这几天粗略看完了《Hadoop实战》这本书,对Hadoop编程有了大致的了解。接下来就是多看多写了。以Hadoop自带的例子WordCount程序开始,来记录我的Hadoop学习过程。
Hadoop自带例子WordCount.java
/**
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/ package org.apache.hadoop.examples; import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.StringTokenizer; import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.IntWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.GenericOptionsParser; public class WordCount { public static class TokenizerMapper
extends Mapper<Object, Text, Text, IntWritable>{ private final static IntWritable one = new IntWritable(1);
private Text word = new Text(); public void map(Object key, Text value, Context context
) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
StringTokenizer itr = new StringTokenizer(value.toString());
while (itr.hasMoreTokens()) {
word.set(itr.nextToken());
context.write(word, one);
}
}
} public static class IntSumReducer
extends Reducer<Text,IntWritable,Text,IntWritable> {
private IntWritable result = new IntWritable(); public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<IntWritable> values,
Context context
) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
int sum = 0;
for (IntWritable val : values) {
sum += val.get();
}
result.set(sum);
context.write(key, result);
}
} public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Configuration conf = new Configuration();
String[] otherArgs = new GenericOptionsParser(conf, args).getRemainingArgs();
if (otherArgs.length != 2) {
System.err.println("Usage: wordcount <in> <out>");
System.exit(2);
}
Job job = new Job(conf, "word count");
job.setJarByClass(WordCount.class);
job.setMapperClass(TokenizerMapper.class);
job.setReducerClass(IntSumReducer.class);
job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
job.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class);
FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path(otherArgs[0]));
FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(otherArgs[1]));
System.exit(job.waitForCompletion(true) ? 0 : 1);
}
}
在Wordount.java中有两个静态内部类TokenizerMapper,IntSumReducer,关于静态内部类,可以参考另一篇文章
Java中的静态内部类。这两个类分别对应与MapReduce中的map和reduce。至于为什么要用静态的内部类,个人理解是这样的:一般一个简单作业(Job)包含了一个map过程和一个reduce过程,Job,Map,Reduce写在一个文件中便于文件的组织。但是,Hadoop内部需要使用反射的方式来实例化客户端的Map和Reduce,所以使用了静态内部类的方式,参考了*上的一个帖子:
Do Mappers and Reducers in Hadoop have to be static classes?,如果不许要将Job,Map和Reduce组织在一起,完全可以将这三个类写在三个类文件中。
Job job = new Job(conf, "word count");
语句实例化一个Job对象,然后就为Job对像指定运行时所需的类
job.setJarByClass(WordCount.class);
表示告诉Hadoop集群,作业从哪个类开始运行,
job.setMapperClass(TokenizerMapper.class);
表示执行哪个类的map方法,我们这里指定的是方法
public void map(Object key, Text value, Context context
) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
StringTokenizer itr = new StringTokenizer(value.toString());
while (itr.hasMoreTokens()) {
word.set(itr.nextToken());
context.write(word, one);
}
}
这个方法对要进行map的每行数据,使用StringTokenizer类进行分割,分割出来的值在保存到context中进行,从而在reduce中进行单词数量统计。
job.setReducerClass(IntSumReducer.class);
这行语句设置用于进行Reduce的类,告诉Hadoop集群执行哪个reduce函数:
public void reduce(Text key, Iterable<IntWritable> values,
Context context
) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
int sum = 0;
for (IntWritable val : values) {
sum += val.get();
}
result.set(sum);
context.write(key, result);
}
在这个函数执行之前,Hadoop已经为我们将各个单词的个数大概的归并在一起了,函数的前两个参数是Text 类型和Iterable类型,参数名分别为key和alues,其中在这里key表示在map方法中分割得到的单词,values表示在map阶段统计的单词的数量(由于reduce阶段接收到多个数据结点发送过来的统计结果,所以对应于一个key,可能有多个value,所以将这些value都保存在一迭代器中,然后对迭代器进行遍历,这个过程以后再讨论。),遍历values迭代器,对每个key的数量进行汇总,然后再记录在context中。
job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
job.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class);
表示MapReduce执行结束之后,将结果保存在HDFS中时,保存的数据类型。这里将结果的key以Text类型保存,value以IntWritable类型保存。
FileInputFormat.addInputPath(job, new Path(otherArgs[0]));
FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(otherArgs[1]));
分别表示输入和输出的路径。
job.setCombinerClass(IntSumReducer.class);
这行语句,在Hadoop中,Combiner主要用于提升Hadoop的处理效率,为了集中于理解MapReduce,我去掉了这行代码,待以后讨论提升Hadoop性能时,再学习Combiner。