SQL语句中的select高级用法

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为了更好的了解下面的知识点,我们先创建两张表并插入数据。

# 学生表
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 9 | 程坤 | 27 | 181.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 10 | 刘亦菲 | 25 | 166.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 11 | 金星 | 33 | 162.00 | 中性 | 3 | |
| 12 | 静香 | 12 | 180.00 | 女 | 4 | |
| 13 | 郭靖 | 12 | 170.00 | 男 | 4 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+ #班级表
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | 1班 |
| 2 | 2班 |
+----+------+
  • as关键字

as关键字可以给表和字段起别名,可以让表更加易读,或者写sql语句时更加方便。

# as 关键字给字段起别名,让查询到的表更加直观
mysql> select name as '名字',age as '年龄' from students;
+-----------+--------+
| 名字 | 年龄 |
+-----------+--------+
| 小明 | 18 |
| 小月月 | 18 |
| 彭于晏 | 29 |
| 刘德华 | 59 |
| 黄蓉 | 38 |
| 凤姐 | 28 |
| 王祖贤 | 18 |
| 周杰伦 | 36 |
| 程坤 | 27 |
| 刘亦菲 | 25 |
| 金星 | 33 |
| 静香 | 12 |
| 郭靖 | 12 |
| 周杰 | 34 |
+-----------+--------+
# as 关键词给表起别名
mysql> select s.name,s.age from students as s;
+-----------+------+
| name | age |
+-----------+------+
| 小明 | 18 |
| 小月月 | 18 |
| 彭于晏 | 29 |
| 刘德华 | 59 |
| 黄蓉 | 38 |
| 凤姐 | 28 |
| 王祖贤 | 18 |
| 周杰伦 | 36 |
| 程坤 | 27 |
| 刘亦菲 | 25 |
| 金星 | 33 |
| 静香 | 12 |
| 郭靖 | 12 |
| 周杰 | 34 |
+-----------+------+
# 上面两个例子的用法结合使用
mysql> select s.name as '名字',s.age as '年龄' from students as s;
+-----------+--------+
| 名字 | 年龄 |
+-----------+--------+
| 小明 | 18 |
| 小月月 | 18 |
| 彭于晏 | 29 |
| 刘德华 | 59 |
| 黄蓉 | 38 |
| 凤姐 | 28 |
| 王祖贤 | 18 |
| 周杰伦 | 36 |
| 程坤 | 27 |
| 刘亦菲 | 25 |
| 金星 | 33 |
| 静香 | 12 |
| 郭靖 | 12 |
| 周杰 | 34 |
+-----------+--------+
  • distinct关键词

distinct关键词可以消除重复行。

mysql> select distinct gender from students;
+--------+
| gender |
+--------+
| 女 |
| 男 |
| 保密 |
| 中性 |
+--------+
  • 比较运算符
  1. 等于: =
  2. 大于: >
  3. 大于等于: >=
  4. 小于: <
  5. 小于等于: <=
  6. 不等于: != 或 <>
mysql> select * from students where age>18;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 9 | 程坤 | 27 | 181.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 10 | 刘亦菲 | 25 | 166.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 11 | 金星 | 33 | 162.00 | 中性 | 3 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
  • 逻辑运算符
  1. and
  2. or
  3. not

优先级:小括号 > 算术运算符 > 比较运算符 > not > and > or

# 找出除了18岁以上女性的全部人信息
mysql> select * from students where not (age>18 and gender='女');
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 9 | 程坤 | 27 | 181.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 11 | 金星 | 33 | 162.00 | 中性 | 3 | |
| 12 | 静香 | 12 | 180.00 | 女 | 4 | |
| 13 | 郭靖 | 12 | 170.00 | 男 | 4 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
  • 模糊查询
  1. like
  2. %表示任意多个任意字符
  3. _表示一个任意字符
# 查找姓周的全部同学
mysql> select * from students where name like '周%';
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找姓周,且名字只有一个字的同学
mysql> select * from students where name like '周_';
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找姓名中 包含 "杰" 字的所有名字
mysql> select * from students where name like '%杰%';
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
  • 范围查询
  1. in用在一个非连续的范围内
  2. between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
# 查找id是1.3.5.7的同学
mysql> select * from students where id in (1,3,5,7);
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找id为1-8的同学
mysql> select * from students where id between 1 and 8;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
  • 空判断
  1. 判空 is null
  2. 判非空 is not null
# 查找身高为空的同学
mysql> select * from students where height is null;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 查找填了身高信息的女性
mysql> select * from students where height is not null and gender=2;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 10 | 刘亦菲 | 25 | 166.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 12 | 静香 | 12 | 180.00 | 女 | 4 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
  • 排序
  1. 将行数据按照列1进行排序,如果某些行 列1 的值相同时,则按照 列2 排序,以此类推
  2. asc从小到大排列,即升序
  3. desc从大到小排序,即降序
  4. 默认按照列值从小到大排列(即asc关键字)
# 所有学生信息先按照年龄从大到小排序,当年龄相同时 按照身高从高到矮排序
mysql> select * from students order by age desc,height desc;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
| 11 | 金星 | 33 | 162.00 | 中性 | 3 | |
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 9 | 程坤 | 27 | 181.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 10 | 刘亦菲 | 25 | 166.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 12 | 静香 | 12 | 180.00 | 女 | 4 | |
| 13 | 郭靖 | 12 | 170.00 | 男 | 4 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
  • 分页
select * from students limit start=0,count  # start=可省略
  1. 从start开始,获取count条数据
  2. start默认值为0
# 年龄从小到大,前6个作为第一页
mysql> select * from students order by age asc limit 0,6;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 12 | 静香 | 12 | 180.00 | 女 | 4 | |
| 13 | 郭靖 | 12 | 170.00 | 男 | 4 | |
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 10 | 刘亦菲 | 25 | 166.00 | 女 | 2 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 注意:在sql语句中limit后不可以直接加公式
  • 聚合函数
  1. 聚合函数,aggregation function,又称为组函数。默认情况下 聚合函数会对当前所在表当做一个组进行统计。
  2. count(*) 计算总行数
  3. max(列) 表示求此列的最大值
  4. min(列)表示求此列的最小值
  5. sum(列)表示求此列的和
  6. avg(列)表示求此列的平均值
# 计算出全班同学的平均年龄
mysql> select avg(age) as '平均年龄' from students;
+--------------+
| 平均年龄 |
+--------------+
| 27.6429 |
+--------------+
  • 分组 (第一part)
  1. 所谓的分组就是将一个“数据集”划分成若干个“小区域”,然后针对若干个“小区域”进行更精细化的处理。
  2. group by的含义:将查询结果按照1个或多个字段进行分组,字段值相同的为一组
  3. group by可用于单个字段分组,也可用于多个字段分组
# 性别分组
mysql> select gender from students group by gender;
+--------+
| gender |
+--------+
| 男 |
| 女 |
| 中性 |
| 保密 |
+--------+
# 查询各个性别的平均年龄和平均身高,并保持两位小数。
mysql> select gender,round(avg(age),2),round(avg(height),2) from students group by gender;
+--------+-------------------+----------------------+
| gender | round(avg(age),2) | round(avg(height),2) |
+--------+-------------------+----------------------+
| 男 | 32.60 | 177.75 |
| 女 | 23.29 | 173.43 |
| 中性 | 33.00 | 162.00 |
| 保密 | 28.00 | 150.00 |
+--------+-------------------+----------------------+
  • 分组 (第二part)
  1. group by + group concat():group_concat(字段名)根据分组结果,使用group_concat()来放置每一个分组中某字段的集合
  2. group by + having:having 条件表达式用来过滤分组结果。having作用和where类似,但having只能用于group by,而where是用来过滤表数据的。
# 查找各个性别分组里有哪些同学
mysql> select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| gender | group_concat(name) |
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 男 | 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖 |
| 女 | 小明,小月月,黄蓉,王祖贤,刘亦菲,静香,周杰 |
| 中性 | 金星 |
| 保密 | 凤姐 |
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
# 按性别分组,分别统计出平均年龄超过30岁的组的性别以及姓名
mysql> select gender,avg(age),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
| gender | avg(age) | group_concat(name) |
+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
| 男 | 32.6000 | 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖 |
| 中性 | 33.0000 | 金星 |
+--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
  • 子查询

在一个 select 语句中,嵌入了另外一个 select 语句,那么被嵌入的 select 语句称之为子查询语句,外部那个select语句则称为主查询。

  1. 标量子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)
  2. 列子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一列(一列多行)
  3. 行子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一行(一行多列)
  4. 表子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个临时表(多行多列)
# 标量子查询,子查询返回的结果是一个数据
# 查找大于班级平均年龄的同学的信息
mysql> select * from students where age>(select avg(age) from students);
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 11 | 金星 | 33 | 162.00 | 中性 | 3 | |
| 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 | 女 | 5 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 列子查询 子查询返回的结果是一列
# 查找有对应班级的学生的全部信息
mysql> select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | 小明 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 2 | 小月月 | 18 | 180.00 | 女 | 2 | |
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 | |
| 7 | 王祖贤 | 18 | 172.00 | 女 | 1 | |
| 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL | 男 | 1 | |
| 9 | 程坤 | 27 | 181.00 | 男 | 2 | |
| 10 | 刘亦菲 | 25 | 166.00 | 女 | 2 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
# 行子查询 子查询返回的结果是一行
# 查找出年龄最大,而且身高最高的那个人。
mysql> select * from students where (age,height)=(select max(age),max(height) from students);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
# 表子查询 子查询返回的是一个表
# 查找学号小于6的男同学
mysql> select * from (select * from students where id<6) as a where a.gender=1;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 | 男 | 1 | |
| 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 | 男 | 2 | |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+ # 注意:子查询返回的表是一个临时表,所以一定要用as关键词起个别名
SELECT select_expr [,select_expr,...] [
FROM tb_name
[JOIN 表名]
[ON 连接条件]
[WHERE 条件判断]
[GROUP BY {col_name | postion} [ASC | DESC], ...]
[HAVING WHERE 条件判断]
[ORDER BY {col_name|expr|postion} [ASC | DESC], ...]
[ LIMIT {[offset,]rowcount | row_count OFFSET offset}]
] # 精简版
select distinct *
from 表名
where ....
group by ... having ...
order by ...
limit start,count #执行顺序
from 表名
where ....
group by ...
select distinct *
having ...
order by ...
limit start,count

end~~~

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