flask快速入门
1.1.三种框架比较
Django: 重武器,内部包含了非常多组件:ORM、Form、ModelForm、缓存、Session、中间件、信号等
Flask:短小精悍,内部没有太多组件,第三方组件非常丰富。路由比较特殊,是基于装饰器来实现,但是本质还是通过add_url_rule来实现的
Tornado:异步非阻塞
1.2.安装和运行
(1)安装
创建虚拟环境,然后直接安装
mkvirtualenv flask_project pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple flask
(2)运行
基本使用
from flask import Flask #实例化flask对象
app = Flask(__name__) #将'/'和函数index的对应关系加到路由中
@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'Hello World!' if __name__ == '__main__':
#监听用户请求
#如果有用户请求到来,则执行app的__call__方法,app.__call__
app.run()
浏览器访问:http://127.0.0.1:5000/
1.3.快速入门实例
(1)view.py
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'abcdef' USERS = {
1:{'name':'derek','age':18},
2:{'name':'tom','age':20},
3:{'name':'jack','age':22},
} @app.route('/detail/<int:nid>',methods=['GET'])
def detail(nid):
# 没登录不能访问
user = session.get('user_info')
if not user:
return redirect('/login')
info = USERS.get(nid)
return render_template('detail.html',info=info) @app.route('/index',methods=['GET'])
def index():
#没登录不能访问
user = session.get('user_info')
if not user:
# return redirect('/login')
#根据设置的别名反向生成url
url = url_for('login11')
return redirect(url)
return render_template('index.html',user_dict=USERS) @app.route('/login',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='login11') #endpoint起别名
def login():
if request.method == 'GET':
return render_template('login.html')
else:
user = request.form.get('user')
pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
if user == 'derek' and pwd == '':
#添加session值
user = session['user_info'] = user
return redirect('/index')
return render_template('login.html',error='用户名或密码错误') if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
(2)templates/login.html
<h1>用户登录</h1>
<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="user">
<input type="text" name="pwd">
<input type="submit" value="登录">
{{error}}
</form>
(3)templates/index.html
<h1>用户登录</h1>
<table>
{% for k,v in user_dict.items() %}
<tr>
<td>{{k}}</td>
<td>{{v.name}}</td>
<td>{{v['name']}}</td>
<td>{{v.get('name')}}</td>
<td><a href="/detail/{{k}}">查看详细</a></td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
(4)templates/detail.html
{{info.name}}
{{info.age}}
1.4.配置文件
flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),默认配置为:
{
'DEBUG': get_debug_flag(default=False), 是否开启Debug模式
'TESTING': False, 是否开启测试模式
'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS': None,
'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION': None,
'SECRET_KEY': None,
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31),
'USE_X_SENDFILE': False,
'LOGGER_NAME': None,
'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY': 'always',
'SERVER_NAME': None,
'APPLICATION_ROOT': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session',
'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True,
'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False,
'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True,
'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH': None,
'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT': timedelta(hours=12),
'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS': False,
'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS': False,
'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING': False,
'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME': 'http',
'JSON_AS_ASCII': True,
'JSON_SORT_KEYS': True,
'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR': True,
'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE': 'application/json',
'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD': None,
}
flask配置文件
(1)方式一
app.debug = True
(2)方式二
app.config['DEBUG'] = True
(3)方式三(最常用)
app.config.from_object("settings.DevelopmentConfig")
settings.py
一个父类,其它子类继承,重写父类的某个方法
class Config(object):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:' class ProductionConfig(Config):
DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo' class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True class TestingConfig(Config):
TESTING = True
1.5.路由系统本质
(1)常用路由系统有以下五种
@app.route('/user/<username>')
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
基本上这五种方式满足大多数需求,还可以自定制正则路由
from flask import Flask, views, url_for
from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter app = Flask(import_name=__name__) class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
"""
自定义URL匹配正则表达式
"""
def __init__(self, map, regex):
super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
self.regex = regex def to_python(self, value):
"""
路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
:param value:
:return:
"""
return int(value) def to_url(self, value):
"""
使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
:param value:
:return:
"""
val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
return val # 添加到flask中
app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter @app.route('/index/<regex("\d+"):nid>')
def index(nid):
print(url_for('index', nid=''))
return 'Index' if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run() b. 自定制正则路由匹配
自定制正则路由
(2)路由系统的本质
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'abcdef' #源码分析
'''
路由本质,通过看源码分析得出,其本质是通过add_url_rule来实现的 1.decorator = app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index') def route(self, rule, **options):
#app对象(即self)
#rule=/
#option = methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index'
def decorator(f):
endpoint = options.pop('endpoint', None)
self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
return f
return decorator 2.@decorator
decorator(index)
''' @app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
def index():
return 'Hello word' def login():
return '登录' #通过分析源码,路由可以用下面这种方式实现
app.add_url_rule('/login','login11',login,methods=['GET','POST'],) #第二个参数是别名,第三个参数是视图函数,如果endpoint不写,则默认endpoint='视图函数名' if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
1.6.flask之CBV
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for,views app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'abcdef' def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
return result
return inner class IndexView(views.MethodView):
methods = ['GET']
decorators = [auth, ] def get(self):
return 'Index.GET' def post(self):
return 'Index.POST' app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
1.7.add_url_role参数介绍
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
rule, URL规则
view_func, 视图函数名称
defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
endpoint=None, 名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for('名称')
methods=None, 允许的请求方式,如:["GET","POST"] strict_slashes=None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,
如:
@app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False),
访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
@app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index
redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址
如:
@app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
或
def func(adapter, nid):
return "/home/888"
@app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
subdomain=None, 子域名访问
from flask import Flask, views, url_for app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000' @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
def static_index():
"""Flask supports static subdomains
This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
return "static.your-domain.tld" @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
def username_index(username):
"""Dynamic subdomains are also supported
Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
return username + ".your-domain.tld" if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
所有参数
(1)最基本的url几种方式
from flask import Flask,views
app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'abcdef' #第一种
@app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
def index():
return 'Hello World!' def login():
return '登录' #第二种
app.add_url_rule('/login','login',login,methods=['GET','POST']) def auth(func):
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
return result
return inner #CBV的模式
class DetailView(views.MethodView):
methods = ['GET']
decorators = [auth, ] def get(self):
return 'Detail.GET' def post(self):
return 'Detail.POST' #第三种
app.add_url_rule('/detail', view_func=DetailView.as_view(name='detail')) # name=endpoint if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
(2)参数defaults
默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
(3)参数strict_slashes=None
#对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,默认为False,如:
@app.route('/index', strict_slashes=False) #下面两种方式都可以访问
http: // www.xx.com / index /
http: // www.xx.com / index #如果设为True
@app.route('/index', strict_slashes=True) #只能这样访问
http: // www.xx.com / index
(4)redirect_to=None
重定向到指定地址
@app.route('/index',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index1',redirect_to="/index2")
def index():
return '公司旧网页' @app.route('/index2',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index2',)
def index():
return '公司新网页'
访问:http://127.0.0.1:5000/index会直接重定向到http://127.0.0.1:5000/index2
1.8.模板语言
flask的模板语法和Django的语法差不多,下面一个简单实例
Markup等价于Django的mark_safe
前端也是用 |safe
from flask import Flask,render_template,Markup app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'abcdef' def func1(arg):
return Markup("<input type='text' value='%s' />"%arg) @app.route('/')
def index():
return render_template('index.html',func1=func1) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
index.html
{{func1('zhang ')}} <!--传参数arg -->
1.9.请求与响应
from flask import Flask
from flask import request
from flask import render_template
from flask import redirect
from flask import make_response app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
def login(): # 请求相关信息
# request.method
# request.args
# request.form
# request.values
# request.cookies
# request.headers
# request.path
# request.full_path
# request.script_root
# request.url
# request.base_url
# request.url_root
# request.host_url
# request.host
# request.files
# obj = request.files['the_file_name']
# obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) # 响应相关信息
# return "字符串"
# return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
# return redirect('/index.html') # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
# response.delete_cookie('key')
# response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
# return response return "内容" if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
请求与响应
1.10.flash介绍
(1)简单使用方法
from flask import Flask,flash,get_flashed_messages app = Flask(__name__)
app.debug = True
app.secret_key = 'abcdef' @app.route('/get')
def get():
data = get_flashed_messages()
print(data)
return 'hello world' @app.route('/set')
def set():
#向某个地方设置一个值
flash('访问一次就设置一次')
return 'hello world' if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
访问:http://127.0.0.1:5000/set 访问一个就会设置一次值
访问:http://127.0.0.1:5000/get 从某个地方获取所有的值,并清除