Flask　　- 一个短小精悍、可扩展的一个Web框架很多可用的第三方组件：http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/blogs：https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/7552008.html

　　　　- 依赖于wsgi[Werkzurg] （django 也依赖 Tornado 貌似不依赖）　　　　　　[什么是wsgi？]

PythonWeb服务器网关接口（Python Web Server Gateway Interface，缩写为WSGI)是Python应用程序或框架和Web服务器之间的一种接口，已经被广泛接受, 它已基本达成它的可移植性方面的目标。

WSGI 没有官方的实现, 因为WSGI更像一个协议. 只要遵照这些协议,WSGI应用(Application)都可以在任何服务器(Server)上运行, 反之亦然。

百度百科：https://baike.baidu.com/item/wsgi/3381529?fr=aladdinWSGI接口：https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/001374738125095c955c1e6d8bb493182103fac9270762a000/001386832689740b04430a98f614b6da89da2157ea3efe2000

　　安装： pip install flask

from flask import  Flaskapp=Flask(__name__)#给对象起个名字print(__name__)

app.secret_key="用session之前需要加盐，这里的session其实就是存放在cookies 中的"

[ 关于__name__ 1、__name__这个系统变量显示了当前模块执行过程中的名称，如果当前程序运行在这个模块中，__name__ 的名称就是__main__如果不是，则为这个模块的名称。 
 2、__main__一般作为函数的入口，类似于C语言，尤其在大型工程中，常常有if __name__ == "__main__":来表明整个工程开始运行的入口。

本文来自 IAMoldpan 的CSDN 博客 ，全文地址请点击：https://blog.csdn.net/iamoldpan/article/details/78077983?utm_source=copy ]

@app.route('/home',methods=["GET","POST"])#默认开启get，post 没有开启def  home():    return '你妹'

if __name__ == '__main__':    app.run()

class Flask:

def __init__(    self,    import_name,    static_url_path=None,　　　  #静态文件夹前缀 别名 <img src="/static/mr.jpg"> 修改static_url_path='ccc' <img src="/cccc/.jpg" >  static_folder='static'不变    static_folder='static',　　 #静态文件默认地址    static_host=None,    host_matching=False,    subdomain_matching=False,    template_folder='templates',#模板文件 默认存放地址    instance_path=None,    instance_relative_config=False,    root_path=None):

配置文件：路由系统：视　　图：请求相关：响　　应：模板渲染：session：闪　　现：中　间件：蓝　　图：（blueprint）目录结构划分特殊的装饰器:类似于django的中间件

app.secret_key="用session之前需要加盐，这里的session其实就是存放在cookies 中的"

dir()  函数不带参数时，返回当前范围内的变量、方法和定义的类型列表；　　　　带参数时，返回参数的属性、方法列表。如果参数包含方法__dir__()，该方法将被调用。　　　　如果参数不包含__dir__()，该方法将最大限度地收集参数信息。getattr() 函数用于返回一个对象属性值。

import importlibpath="settings.Foo"

p,c = path.rsplit('.',maxsplit=1)m = importlib.import_module(p)cls = getattr(m,c)

https://www.cnblogs.com/yanxiatingyu/p/9851249.html

#如何找到这个类？  #for key in dir(cls):　　if key.isupper():　　　　print(key,getattr(cls,key))

from datetime import timedelta

app.config

app.config.from_object('settings.class_name')

    """Updates the values from the given object.  An object can be of one    of the following two types:

    -   a string: in this case the object with that name will be imported    -   an actual object reference: that object is used directly

    Objects are usually either modules or classes. :meth:`from_object`    loads only the uppercase attributes of the module/class. A ``dict``    object will not work with :meth:`from_object` because the keys of a    ``dict`` are not attributes of the ``dict`` class.

    Example of module-based configuration::

        app.config.from_object('yourapplication.default_config')        from yourapplication import default_config        app.config.from_object(default_config)

    You should not use this function to load the actual configuration but    rather configuration defaults.  The actual config should be loaded    with :meth:`from_pyfile` and ideally from a location not within the    package because the package might be installed system wide.

    See :ref:`config-dev-prod` for an example of class-based configuration    using :meth:`from_object`.

    :param obj: an import name or object    """

def from_object(self, obj):    if isinstance(obj, string_types):        obj = import_string(obj)    for key in dir(obj):        if key.isupper():            self[key] = getattr(obj, key)

[

]

路由系统-endpoint,反向生成url，默认函数名[类似与django里面的name,根据名字反向解析] -url_for('endpoint') 可以直接在另一个视图函数中直接url_for(endpoint_name) 进行反向解析

from flask import url_for@app.route('/index',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='n1')def index():　　print(url_for('n1'))　　return 'index'

动态路由

@app.route('/index/<int:nid>',methods=['GET','POST'])def index(nid):　　url_for　　return '那你妹'

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {

    'default':          UnicodeConverter,

    'string':           UnicodeConverter,

    'any':              AnyConverter,

    'path':             PathConverter,

    'int':              IntegerConverter,

    'float':            FloatConverter,

    'uuid':             UUIDConverter,

定义endpoint=name  直接url_for(name)不定义 默认endpoint=函数名  直接url_for(function_name)

视图：　　FBV　　CBV

请求相关数据：　　

//判断 请求 类型if request.method == 'GET':　　print('GET')else:　　print('POST')

响应相关

form flask import jsonify #内部帮你序列化(类似与django里面的jsonResponse)import json返回值：返回的都是响应体：　　return "你妹"　　return json.dumps(dic)　　return render_template('index.html')　　return redirect('')

如何 在定制响应头呢？设置cookies

from flask import make_responseobj= make_response(jsonify({"test":'消息'}))obj.headers['响应头内容']='哈哈哈'obj.set_cookie('key','value')reurn obj

class BaseRequest(object):

    """Very basic request object.  This does not implement advanced stuff like
    entity tag parsing or cache controls.  The request object is created with
    the WSGI environment as first argument and will add itself to the WSGI
    environment as ``'werkzeug.request'`` unless it's created with
    `populate_request` set to False.

    There are a couple of mixins available that add additional functionality
    to the request object, there is also a class called `Request` which
    subclasses `BaseRequest` and all the important mixins.

    It's a good idea to create a custom subclass of the :class:`BaseRequest`
    and add missing functionality either via mixins or direct implementation.
    Here an example for such subclasses::

        from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin

        class Request(BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin):
            pass

    Request objects are **read only**.  As of 0.5 modifications are not
    allowed in any place.  Unlike the lower level parsing functions the
    request object will use immutable objects everywhere possible.

    Per `
    encoded.  Please refer to `the unicode chapter <unicode.txt>`_ for more
    details about customizing the behavior.

    Per default the request object will be added to the WSGI
    environment as `werkzeug.request` to support the debugging system.
    If you don't want that, set `populate_request` to `False`.

    If `shallow` is `True` the environment is initialized as shallow
    object around the environ.  Every operation that would modify the
    environ in any way (such as consuming form data) raises an exception
    unless the `shallow` attribute is explicitly set to `False`.  This
    is useful for middlewares where you don't want to consume the form
    data by accident.  A shallow request is not populated to the WSGI
    environment.

    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
       read-only mode was enforced by using immutables classes for all
       data.
    """

    #: the charset
    charset = 'utf-8'

    #: the error handling procedure for errors, defaults to 'replace'
    encoding_errors = 'replace'

    #: the maximum content length.  This is forwarded to the form data
    #: parsing function (:func:`parse_form_data`).  When set and the
    #: :attr:`form` or :attr:`files` attribute is accessed and the
    #: parsing fails because more than the specified value is transmitted
    #: a :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` exception is raised.
    #:
    #: Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.5
    max_content_length = None

    #: the maximum form field size.  This is forwarded to the form data
    #: parsing function (:func:`parse_form_data`).  When set and the
    #: :attr:`form` or :attr:`files` attribute is accessed and the
    #: data in memory for post data is longer than the specified value a
    #: :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` exception is raised.
    #:
    #: Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.5
    max_form_memory_size = None

    #: the class to use for `args` and `form`.  The default is an
    #: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict` which supports
    #: multiple values per key.  alternatively it makes sense to use an
    #: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableOrderedMultiDict` which
    #: preserves order or a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableDict`
    #: which is the fastest but only remembers the last key.  It is also
    #: possible to use mutable structures, but this is not recommended.
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
    parameter_storage_class = ImmutableMultiDict

    #: the type to be used for list values from the incoming WSGI environment.
    #: By default an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableList` is used
    #: (for example for :attr:`access_list`).
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
    list_storage_class = ImmutableList

    #: the type to be used for dict values from the incoming WSGI environment.
    #: By default an
    #: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableTypeConversionDict` is used
    #: (for example for :attr:`cookies`).
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
    dict_storage_class = ImmutableTypeConversionDict

    #: The form data parser that shoud be used.  Can be replaced to customize
    #: the form date parsing.
    form_data_parser_class = FormDataParser

    #: Optionally a list of hosts that is trusted by this request.  By default
    #: all hosts are trusted which means that whatever the client sends the
    #: host is will be accepted.
    #:
    #: This is the recommended setup as a webserver should manually be set up
    #: to only route correct hosts to the application, and remove the
    #: `X-Forwarded-Host` header if it is not being used (see
    #: :func:`werkzeug.wsgi.get_host`).
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
    trusted_hosts = None

    #: Indicates whether the data descriptor should be allowed to read and
    #: buffer up the input stream.  By default it's enabled.
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
    disable_data_descriptor = False

    def __init__(self, environ, populate_request=True, shallow=False):
        self.environ = environ
        if populate_request and not shallow:
            self.environ['werkzeug.request'] = self
        self.shallow = shallow

    def __repr__(self):
        # make sure the __repr__ even works if the request was created
        # from an invalid WSGI environment.  If we display the request
        # in a debug session we don't want the repr to blow up.
        args = []
        try:
            args.append("'%s'" % to_native(self.url, self.url_charset))
            args.append('[%s]' % self.method)
        except Exception:
            args.append('(invalid WSGI environ)')

        return '<%s %s>' % (
            self.__class__.__name__,
            ' '.join(args)
        )

    @property
    def url_charset(self):
        """The charset that is assumed for URLs.  Defaults to the value
        of :attr:`charset`.

        .. versionadded:: 0.6
        """
        return self.charset

    @classmethod
    def from_values(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        """Create a new request object based on the values provided.  If
        environ is given missing values are filled from there.  This method is
        useful for small scripts when you need to simulate a request from an URL.
        Do not use this method for unittesting, there is a full featured client
        object (:class:`Client`) that allows to create multipart requests,
        support for cookies etc.

        This accepts the same options as the
        :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.

        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
           This method now accepts the same arguments as
           :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.  Because of this the
           `environ` parameter is now called `environ_overrides`.

        :return: request object
        """
        from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder
        charset = kwargs.pop('charset', cls.charset)
        kwargs['charset'] = charset
        builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
        try:
            return builder.get_request(cls)
        finally:
            builder.close()

    @classmethod
    def application(cls, f):
        """Decorate a function as responder that accepts the request as first
        argument.  This works like the :func:`responder` decorator but the
        function is passed the request object as first argument and the
        request object will be closed automatically::

            @Request.application
            def my_wsgi_app(request):
                return Response('Hello World!')

        As of Werkzeug 0.14 HTTP exceptions are automatically caught and
        converted to responses instead of failing.

        :param f: the WSGI callable to decorate
        :return: a new WSGI callable
        """
        #: return a callable that wraps the -2nd argument with the request
        #: and calls the function with all the arguments up to that one and
        #: the request.  The return value is then called with the latest
        #: two arguments.  This makes it possible to use this decorator for
        #: both methods and standalone WSGI functions.
        from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException

        def application(*args):
            request = cls(args[-])
            with request:
                try:
                    resp = f(*args[:-] + (request,))
                except HTTPException as e:
                    resp = e.get_response(args[-])
                :])

        return update_wrapper(application, f)

    def _get_file_stream(self, total_content_length, content_type, filename=None,
                         content_length=None):
        """Called to get a stream for the file upload.

        This must provide a file-like class with `read()`, `readline()`
        and `seek()` methods that is both writeable and readable.

        The default implementation returns a temporary file if the total
        content length is higher than 500KB.  Because many browsers do not
        provide a content length for the files only the total content
        length matters.

        :param total_content_length: the total content length of all the
                                     data in the request combined.  This value
                                     is guaranteed to be there.
        :param content_type: the mimetype of the uploaded file.
        :param filename: the filename of the uploaded file.  May be `None`.
        :param content_length: the length of this file.  This value is usually
                               not provided because webbrowsers do not provide
                               this value.
        """
        return default_stream_factory(
            total_content_length=total_content_length,
            content_type=content_type,
            filename=filename,
            content_length=content_length)

    @property
    def want_form_data_parsed(self):
        """Returns True if the request method carries content.  As of
        Werkzeug 0.9 this will be the case if a content type is transmitted.

        .. versionadded:: 0.8
        """
        return bool(self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE'))

    def make_form_data_parser(self):
        """Creates the form data parser. Instantiates the
        :attr:`form_data_parser_class` with some parameters.

        .. versionadded:: 0.8
        """
        return self.form_data_parser_class(self._get_file_stream,
                                           self.charset,
                                           self.encoding_errors,
                                           self.max_form_memory_size,
                                           self.max_content_length,
                                           self.parameter_storage_class)

    def _load_form_data(self):
        """Method used internally to retrieve submitted data.  After calling
        this sets `form` and `files` on the request object to multi dicts
        filled with the incoming form data.  As a matter of fact the input
        stream will be empty afterwards.  You can also call this method to
        force the parsing of the form data.

        .. versionadded:: 0.8
        """
        # abort early if we have already consumed the stream
        if 'form' in self.__dict__:
            return

        _assert_not_shallow(self)

        if self.want_form_data_parsed:
            content_type = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
            content_length = get_content_length(self.environ)
            mimetype, options = parse_options_header(content_type)
            parser = self.make_form_data_parser()
            data = parser.parse(self._get_stream_for_parsing(),
                                mimetype, content_length, options)
        else:
            data = (self.stream, self.parameter_storage_class(),
                    self.parameter_storage_class())

        # inject the values into the instance dict so that we bypass
        # our cached_property non-data descriptor.
        d = self.__dict__
        d['stream'], d['form'], d['files'] = data

    def _get_stream_for_parsing(self):
        """This is the same as accessing :attr:`stream` with the difference
        that if it finds cached data from calling :meth:`get_data` first it
        will create a new stream out of the cached data.

        .. versionadded::
        """
        cached_data = getattr(self, '_cached_data', None)
        if cached_data is not None:
            return BytesIO(cached_data)
        return self.stream

    def close(self):
        """Closes associated resources of this request object.  This
        closes all file handles explicitly.  You can also use the request
        object in a with statement which will automatically close it.

        .. versionadded:: 0.9
        """
        files = self.__dict__.get('files')
        for key, value in iter_multi_items(files or ()):
            value.close()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
        self.close()

    @cached_property
    def stream(self):
        """
        If the incoming form data was not encoded with a known mimetype
        the data is stored unmodified in this stream for consumption.  Most
        of the time it is a better idea to use :attr:`data` which will give
        you that data as a string.  The stream only returns the data once.

        Unlike :attr:`input_stream` this stream is properly guarded that you
        can't accidentally read past the length of the input.  Werkzeug will
        internally always refer to this stream to read data which makes it
        possible to wrap this object with a stream that does filtering.

        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
           This stream is now always available but might be consumed by the
           form parser later on.  Previously the stream was only set if no
           parsing happened.
        """
        _assert_not_shallow(self)
        return get_input_stream(self.environ)

    input_stream = environ_property('wsgi.input', """
    The WSGI input stream.

    In general it's a bad idea to use this one because you can easily read past
    the boundary.  Use the :attr:`stream` instead.
    """)

    @cached_property
    def args(self):
        """The parsed URL parameters (the part in the URL after the question
        mark).

        By default an
        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict`
        is returned from this function.  This can be changed by setting
        :attr:`parameter_storage_class` to a different type.  This might
        be necessary if the order of the form data is important.
        """
        return url_decode(wsgi_get_bytes(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')),
                          self.url_charset, errors=self.encoding_errors,
                          cls=self.parameter_storage_class)

    @cached_property
    def data(self):
        """
        Contains the incoming request data as string in case it came with
        a mimetype Werkzeug does not handle.
        """

        if self.disable_data_descriptor:
            raise AttributeError('data descriptor is disabled')
        # XXX: this should eventually be deprecated.

        # We trigger form data parsing first which means that the descriptor
        # will not cache the data that would otherwise be .form or .files
        # data.  This restores the behavior that was there in Werkzeug
        # before 0.9.  New code should use :meth:`get_data` explicitly as
        # this will make behavior explicit.
        return self.get_data(parse_form_data=True)

    def get_data(self, cache=True, as_text=False, parse_form_data=False):
        """This reads the buffered incoming data from the client into one
        bytestring.  By default this is cached but that behavior can be
        changed by setting `cache` to `False`.

        Usually it's a bad idea to call this method without checking the
        content length first as a client could send dozens of megabytes or more
        to cause memory problems on the server.

        Note that if the form data was already parsed this method will not
        return anything as form data parsing does not cache the data like
        this method does.  To implicitly invoke form data parsing function
        set `parse_form_data` to `True`.  When this is done the return value
        of this method will be an empty string if the form parser handles
        the data.  This generally is not necessary as if the whole data is
        cached (which is the default) the form parser will used the cached
        data to parse the form data.  Please be generally aware of checking
        the content length first in any case before calling this method
        to avoid exhausting server memory.

        If `as_text` is set to `True` the return value will be a decoded
        unicode string.

        .. versionadded:: 0.9
        """
        rv = getattr(self, '_cached_data', None)
        if rv is None:
            if parse_form_data:
                self._load_form_data()
            rv = self.stream.read()
            if cache:
                self._cached_data = rv
        if as_text:
            rv = rv.decode(self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
        return rv

    @cached_property
    def form(self):
        """The form parameters.  By default an
        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict`
        is returned from this function.  This can be changed by setting
        :attr:`parameter_storage_class` to a different type.  This might
        be necessary if the order of the form data is important.

        Please keep in mind that file uploads will not end up here, but instead
        in the :attr:`files` attribute.

        .. versionchanged:: 0.9

            Previous to Werkzeug 0.9 this would only contain form data for POST
            and PUT requests.
        """
        self._load_form_data()
        return self.form

    @cached_property
    def values(self):
        """A :class:`werkzeug.datastructures.CombinedMultiDict` that combines
        :attr:`args` and :attr:`form`."""
        args = []
        for d in self.args, self.form:
            if not isinstance(d, MultiDict):
                d = MultiDict(d)
            args.append(d)
        return CombinedMultiDict(args)

    @cached_property
    def files(self):
        """:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict` object containing
        all uploaded files.  Each key in :attr:`files` is the name from the
        ``<input type="file" name="">``.  Each value in :attr:`files` is a
        Werkzeug :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage` object.

        It basically behaves like a standard file object you know from Python,
        with the difference that it also has a
        :meth:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage.save` function that can
        store the file on the filesystem.

        Note that :attr:`files` will only contain data if the request method was
        POST, PUT or PATCH and the ``<form>`` that posted to the request had
        ``enctype="multipart/form-data"``.  It will be empty otherwise.

        See the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict` /
        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage` documentation for
        more details about the used data structure.
        """
        self._load_form_data()
        return self.files

    @cached_property
    def cookies(self):
        """A :class:`dict` with the contents of all cookies transmitted with
        the request."""
        return parse_cookie(self.environ, self.charset,
                            self.encoding_errors,
                            cls=self.dict_storage_class)

    @cached_property
    def headers(self):
        """The headers from the WSGI environ as immutable
        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.EnvironHeaders`.
        """
        return EnvironHeaders(self.environ)

    @cached_property
    def path(self):
        """Requested path as unicode.  This works a bit like the regular path
        info in the WSGI environment but will always include a leading slash,
        even if the URL root is accessed.
        """
        raw_path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '',
                                       self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
        return '/' + raw_path.lstrip('/')

    @cached_property
    def full_path(self):
        """Requested path as unicode, including the query string."""
        return self.path + u'?' + to_unicode(self.query_string, self.url_charset)

    @cached_property
    def script_root(self):
        """The root path of the script without the trailing slash."""
        raw_path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') or '',
                                       self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
        return raw_path.rstrip('/')

    @cached_property
    def url(self):
        """The reconstructed current URL as IRI.
        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
        """
        return get_current_url(self.environ,
                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)

    @cached_property
    def base_url(self):
        """Like :attr:`url` but without the querystring
        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
        """
        return get_current_url(self.environ, strip_querystring=True,
                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)

    @cached_property
    def url_root(self):
        """The full URL root (with hostname), this is the application
        root as IRI.
        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
        """
        return get_current_url(self.environ, True,
                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)

    @cached_property
    def host_url(self):
        """Just the host with scheme as IRI.
        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
        """
        return get_current_url(self.environ, host_only=True,
                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)

    @cached_property
    def host(self):
        """Just the host including the port if available.
        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
        """
        return get_host(self.environ, trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)

    query_string = environ_property(
        'QUERY_STRING', '', read_only=True,
        load_func=wsgi_get_bytes, doc='The URL parameters as raw bytestring.')
    method = environ_property(
        'REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET', read_only=True,
        load_func=lambda x: x.upper(),
        doc="The request method. (For example ``'GET'`` or ``'POST'``).")

    @cached_property
    def access_route(self):
        """If a forwarded header exists this is a list of all ip addresses
        from the client ip to the last proxy server.
        """
        if 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' in self.environ:
            addr = self.environ['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].split(',')
            return self.list_storage_class([x.strip() for x in addr])
        elif 'REMOTE_ADDR' in self.environ:
            return self.list_storage_class([self.environ['REMOTE_ADDR']])
        return self.list_storage_class()

    @property
    def remote_addr(self):
        """The remote address of the client."""
        return self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')

    remote_user = environ_property('REMOTE_USER', doc='''
        If the server supports user authentication, and the script is
        protected, this attribute contains the username the user has
        authenticated as.''')

    scheme = environ_property('wsgi.url_scheme', doc='''
        URL scheme (http or https).

        .. versionadded:: 0.7''')

    @property
    def is_xhr(self):
        """True if the request was triggered via a JavaScript XMLHttpRequest.
        This only works with libraries that support the ``X-Requested-With``
        header and set it to "XMLHttpRequest".  Libraries that do that are
        prototype, jQuery and Mochikit and probably some more.

        .. deprecated:: 0.13
            ``X-Requested-With`` is not standard and is unreliable.
        """
        warn(DeprecationWarning(
            'Request.is_xhr is deprecated. Given that the X-Requested-With '
            'header is not a part of any spec, it is not reliable'
        ), stacklevel=)
        return self.environ.get(
            'HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', ''
        ).lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'

    is_secure = property(lambda x: x.environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] == 'https',
                         doc='`True` if the request is secure.')
    is_multithread = environ_property('wsgi.multithread', doc='''
        boolean that is `True` if the application is served by
        a multithreaded WSGI server.''')
    is_multiprocess = environ_property('wsgi.multiprocess', doc='''
        boolean that is `True` if the application is served by
        a WSGI server that spawns multiple processes.''')
    is_run_once = environ_property('wsgi.run_once', doc='''
        boolean that is `True` if the application will be executed only
        once in a process lifetime.  This is the case for CGI for example,
        but it's not guaranteed that the execution only happens one time.''')

class FieldFile(File):
    def __init__(self, instance, field, name):
        super().__init__(None, name)
        self.instance = instance
        self.field = field
        self.storage = field.storage
        self._committed = True

    def __eq__(self, other):
        # Older code may be expecting FileField values to be simple strings.
        # By overriding the == operator, it can remain backwards compatibility.
        if hasattr(other, 'name'):
            return self.name == other.name
        return self.name == other

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.name)

    # The standard File contains most of the necessary properties, but
    # FieldFiles can be instantiated without a name, so that needs to
    # be checked for here.

    def _require_file(self):
        if not self:
            raise ValueError("The '%s' attribute has no file associated with it." % self.field.name)

    def _get_file(self):
        self._require_file()
        if not hasattr(self, '_file') or self._file is None:
            self._file = self.storage.open(self.name, 'rb')
        return self._file

    def _set_file(self, file):
        self._file = file

    def _del_file(self):
        del self._file

    file = property(_get_file, _set_file, _del_file)

    @property
    def path(self):
        self._require_file()
        return self.storage.path(self.name)

    @property
    def url(self):
        self._require_file()
        return self.storage.url(self.name)

    @property
    def size(self):
        self._require_file()
        if not self._committed:
            return self.file.size
        return self.storage.size(self.name)

    def open(self, mode='rb'):
        self._require_file()
        if hasattr(self, '_file') and self._file is not None:
            self.file.open(mode)
        else:
            self.file = self.storage.open(self.name, mode)
        return self
    # open() doesn't alter the file's contents, but it does reset the pointer
    open.alters_data = True

    # In addition to the standard File API, FieldFiles have extra methods
    # to further manipulate the underlying file, as well as update the
    # associated model instance.

    def save(self, name, content, save=True):
        name = self.field.generate_filename(self.instance, name)
        self.name = self.storage.save(name, content, max_length=self.field.max_length)
        setattr(self.instance, self.field.name, self.name)
        self._committed = True

        # Save the object because it has changed, unless save is False
        if save:
            self.instance.save()
    save.alters_data = True

    def delete(self, save=True):
        if not self:
            return
        # Only close the file if it's already open, which we know by the
        # presence of self._file
        if hasattr(self, '_file'):
            self.close()
            del self.file

        self.storage.delete(self.name)

        self.name = None
        setattr(self.instance, self.field.name, self.name)
        self._committed = False

        if save:
            self.instance.save()
    delete.alters_data = True

    @property
    def closed(self):
        file = getattr(self, '_file', None)
        return file is None or file.closed

    def close(self):
        file = getattr(self, '_file', None)
        if file is not None:
            file.close()

    def __getstate__(self):
        # FieldFile needs access to its associated model field and an instance
        # it's attached to in order to work properly, but the only necessary
        # data to be pickled is the file's name itself. Everything else will
        # be restored later, by FileDescriptor below.
        return {'name': self.name, 'closed': False, '_committed': True, '_file': None}

class File(FileProxyMixin):
    DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE =  *  ** 

    def __init__(self, file, name=None):
        self.file = file
        if name is None:
            name = getattr(file, 'name', None)
        self.name = name
        if hasattr(file, 'mode'):
            self.mode = file.mode

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name or ''

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s: %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self or "None")

    def __bool__(self):
        return bool(self.name)

    def __len__(self):
        return self.size

    def _get_size_from_underlying_file(self):
        if hasattr(self.file, 'size'):
            return self.file.size
        if hasattr(self.file, 'name'):
            try:
                return os.path.getsize(self.file.name)
            except (OSError, TypeError):
                pass
        if hasattr(self.file, 'tell') and hasattr(self.file, 'seek'):
            pos = self.file.tell()
            self.file.seek(, os.SEEK_END)
            size = self.file.tell()
            self.file.seek(pos)
            return size
        raise AttributeError("Unable to determine the file's size.")

    def _get_size(self):
        if hasattr(self, '_size'):
            return self._size
        self._size = self._get_size_from_underlying_file()
        return self._size

    def _set_size(self, size):
        self._size = size

    size = property(_get_size, _set_size)

    def chunks(self, chunk_size=None):
        """
        Read the file and yield chunks of ``chunk_size`` bytes (defaults to
        ``UploadedFile.DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE``).
        """
        if not chunk_size:
            chunk_size = self.DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE

        try:
            self.seek()
        except (AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
            pass

        while True:
            data = self.read(chunk_size)
            if not data:
                break
            yield data

    def multiple_chunks(self, chunk_size=None):
        """
        Return ``True`` if you can expect multiple chunks.

        NB: If a particular file representation is in memory, subclasses should
        always return ``False`` -- there's no good reason to read from memory in
        chunks.
        """
        if not chunk_size:
            chunk_size = self.DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE
        return self.size > chunk_size

    def __iter__(self):
        # Iterate over this file-like object by newlines
        buffer_ = None
        for chunk in self.chunks():
            for line in chunk.splitlines(True):
                if buffer_:
                    if endswith_cr(buffer_) and not equals_lf(line):
                        # Line split after a \r newline; yield buffer_.
                        yield buffer_
                        # Continue with line.
                    else:
                        # Line either split without a newline (line
                        # continues after buffer_) or with \r\n
                        # newline (line == b'\n').
                        line = buffer_ + line
                    # buffer_ handled, clear it.
                    buffer_ = None

                # If this is the end of a \n or \r\n line, yield.
                if endswith_lf(line):
                    yield line
                else:
                    buffer_ = line

        if buffer_ is not None:
            yield buffer_

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
        self.close()

    def open(self, mode=None):
        if not self.closed:
            self.seek()
        elif self.name and os.path.exists(self.name):
            self.file = open(self.name, mode or self.mode)
        else:
            raise ValueError("The file cannot be reopened.")
        return self

    def close(self):
        self.file.close()

  # coding:utf-

  from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,url_for
  from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename
  import os

  app = Flask(__name__)

  @app.route('/upload', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
 def upload():
     if request.method == 'POST':
         f = request.files['file']
         basepath = os.path.dirname(__file__)  # 当前文件所在路径
         upload_path = os.path.join(basepath, 'static\uploads',secure_filename(f.filename))  #注意：没有的文件夹一定要先创建，不然会提示没有该路径
         f.save(upload_path)
         return redirect(url_for('upload'))
     return render_template('upload.html')

 if __name__ == '__main__':
     app.run(debug=True)

  <!DOCTYPE html>
  <html lang="en">
  <head>
      <meta charset="UTF-8">
      <title>Title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
      <h1>文件上传示例</h1>
      <form action="" enctype='multipart/form-data' method='POST'>
         <input type="file" name="file">
         <input type="submit" value="上传">
     </form>
 </body>
 </html>

@app.route('/uploader',method=['POST'])
def uploader():
    file= request.files.get('filename')

    file.save(os.path.join('uploader_folder'),f'{file.txt}')
    return jsonify({"msg":'ok'})

@app.route('/get_audio/<filename>')
def get_audio(filename):
    file=os.path.join("audio",filename)
    return send_file(file)

from flask import Flask, request, render_template
from geventwebsocket.websocket import WebSocket
from geventwebsocket.handler import WebSocketHandler
from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer
import time
import json

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/chat')
def chat():
    # user_socket = request.environ.get("wsgi.websocket")  # type:WebSocket
    # print(nickname, ":", request.environ.get("REMOTE_ADDR"))
    #
    # msg = user_socket.receive()  # 接收数据
    # print(f"user_name:{nickname}Say: {msg}")
    #
    # print(f"是否发送信息成功：{user_socket.send(json.dumps(str(time.time())))}")

    return render_template('chat.html')

@app.route('/ws/<nickname>')
def ws(nickname):
    print('访问')
    user_socket = request.environ.get("wsgi.websocket")  # type: WebSocket
    print(nickname, ":", request.environ.get("REMOTE_ADDR"))
    while 1:
        msg = user_socket.receive()  # 接收数据
        print(f"user_name:{nickname}Say: {msg or '无消息'}")
        print(msg)
        if msg:
            print(f"是否发送信息成功：{user_socket.send(json.dumps(str(time.time())))}")
        msg = None

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # app.run(debug=True)

    http_server = WSGIServer(('localhost', 5005), application=app, handler_class=WebSocketHandler)
    http_server.serve_forever()

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>聊天室</h1>

<button type="button" onclick="init_login_chat()">登录</button>
<button type="button" onclick="send_msg()">发送</button>
<script type="text/javascript">
    let nickname = '我是web 网页';
    let ws = null;

    ws = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:5005/ws/" + nickname);
    ws.onopen = function () {
        console.log('连接成功');
        ws.send('nlsdjflasdj');
        console.log('send')
    };

    function init_login_chat() {

        // ws = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:5005/ws/" + nickname);
        // ws.onopen = function () {
        //     console.log('连接成功');
        //     ws.send('nlsdjflasdj');
        //     console.log('send')
        // }
        ws.send('a');
    }

    // console.log(ws);

    function receive_msg() {
        ws.onmessage = function (res) {
            let msg = JSON.parse(res.data);
            console.log(msg);
        };
    }

    function send_msg() {
        // alert('df');
        ws.send(JSON.stringify('你妹看看'));
    }

    // window.onbeforeunload= function(event) { return confirm("确定离开此页面吗？"); }
    window.onbeforeunload = function (e) {

        // ws.onclick = function () {
        //     alert('退出');
        // };
        return alert('sdfsd');
    }

</script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><input type="text" id="nickname">
    <button onclick="create_conn()">登录聊天室</button>
</p>
<p><input type="text" id="content">
    <button onclick="send_msg()">发送消息</button>
</p>
<div id="message" style="width: 300px; border:2px solid red;">

</div>

</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
    var ws = null;
    var nickname = null;

    function create_conn() {
        nickname = document.getElementById("nickname").value;
        ws = new WebSocket("ws://192.168.15.108:9527/ws/" + nickname);
        ws.onopen = function () {
            alert("欢迎登陆九聊");
        };
        ws.onmessage = function (data) {
            var ws_msg = JSON.parse(data.data);
            create_chat(ws_msg);
        };
    }

    function create_chat(text, self) {
        var ptag = document.createElement("p");
        if (self == "w") {
            ptag.style.cssText = "text-align: right";
            ptag.innerText = text.msg + ":" + text.sender;
        } else {
            ptag.style.cssText = "text-align: left";
            ptag.innerText = text.sender + ":" + text.msg;
        }

        document.getElementById("message").appendChild(ptag);
    }

    function send_msg() {
        var msg = document.getElementById("content").value;
        // msg_json = JSON.stringify({"to_user":"","msg":msg});
        ws.send(msg_json);

        create_chat({sender:nickname,msg:msg}, "w");
    };

</script>
</html>

class SessionInterface(object):
    """The basic interface you have to implement in order to replace the
    default session interface which uses werkzeug's securecookie
    implementation.  The only methods you have to implement are
    :meth:`open_session` and :meth:`save_session`, the others have
    useful defaults which you don't need to change.

    The session object returned by the :meth:`open_session` method has to
    provide a dictionary like interface plus the properties and methods
    from the :class:`SessionMixin`.  We recommend just subclassing a dict
    and adding that mixin::

        class Session(dict, SessionMixin):
            pass

    If :meth:`open_session` returns ``None`` Flask will call into
    :meth:`make_null_session` to create a session that acts as replacement
    if the session support cannot work because some requirement is not
    fulfilled.  The default :class:`NullSession` class that is created
    will complain that the secret key was not set.

    To replace the session interface on an application all you have to do
    is to assign :attr:`flask.Flask.session_interface`::

        app = Flask(__name__)
        app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()

    .. versionadded:: 0.8
    """

    #: :meth:`make_null_session` will look here for the class that should
    #: be created when a null session is requested.  Likewise the
    #: :meth:`is_null_session` method will perform a typecheck against
    #: this type.
    null_session_class = NullSession

    #: A flag that indicates if the session interface is pickle based.
    #: This can be used by Flask extensions to make a decision in regards
    #: to how to deal with the session object.
    #:
    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
    pickle_based = False

    def make_null_session(self, app):
        """Creates a null session which acts as a replacement object if the
        real session support could not be loaded due to a configuration
        error.  This mainly aids the user experience because the job of the
        null session is to still support lookup without complaining but
        modifications are answered with a helpful error message of what
        failed.

        This creates an instance of :attr:`null_session_class` by default.
        """
        return self.null_session_class()

    def is_null_session(self, obj):
        """Checks if a given object is a null session.  Null sessions are
        not asked to be saved.

        This checks if the object is an instance of :attr:`null_session_class`
        by default.
        """
        return isinstance(obj, self.null_session_class)

    def get_cookie_domain(self, app):
        """Returns the domain that should be set for the session cookie.

        Uses ``SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN`` if it is configured, otherwise
        falls back to detecting the domain based on ``SERVER_NAME``.

        Once detected (or if not set at all), ``SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN`` is
        updated to avoid re-running the logic.
        """

        rv = app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN']

        # set explicitly, or cached from SERVER_NAME detection
        # if False, return None
        if rv is not None:
            return rv if rv else None

        rv = app.config['SERVER_NAME']

        # server name not set, cache False to return none next time
        if not rv:
            app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN'] = False
            return None

        # chop off the port which is usually not supported by browsers
        # remove any leading '.' since we'll add that later
        rv = rv.rsplit()[].lstrip('.')

        if '.' not in rv:
            # Chrome doesn't allow names without a '.'
            # this should only come up with localhost
            # hack around this by not setting the name, and show a warning
            warnings.warn(
                '"{rv}" is not a valid cookie domain, it must contain a ".".'
                ' Add an entry to your hosts file, for example'
                ' "{rv}.localdomain", and use that instead.'.format(rv=rv)
            )
            app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN'] = False
            return None

        ip = is_ip(rv)

        if ip:
            warnings.warn(
                'The session cookie domain is an IP address. This may not work'
                ' as intended in some browsers. Add an entry to your hosts'
                ' file, for example "localhost.localdomain", and use that'
                ' instead.'
            )

        # if this is not an ip and app is mounted at the root, allow subdomain
        # matching by adding a '.' prefix
        if self.get_cookie_path(app) == '/' and not ip:
            rv = '.' + rv

        app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN'] = rv
        return rv

    def get_cookie_path(self, app):
        """Returns the path for which the cookie should be valid.  The
        default implementation uses the value from the ``SESSION_COOKIE_PATH``
        config var if it's set, and falls back to ``APPLICATION_ROOT`` or
        uses ``/`` if it's ``None``.
        """
        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_PATH'] \
               or app.config['APPLICATION_ROOT']

    def get_cookie_httponly(self, app):
        """Returns True if the session cookie should be httponly.  This
        currently just returns the value of the ``SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY``
        config var.
        """
        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY']

    def get_cookie_secure(self, app):
        """Returns True if the cookie should be secure.  This currently
        just returns the value of the ``SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE`` setting.
        """
        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE']

    def get_cookie_samesite(self, app):
        """Return ``'Strict'`` or ``'Lax'`` if the cookie should use the
        ``SameSite`` attribute. This currently just returns the value of
        the :data:`SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE` setting.
        """
        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE']

    def get_expiration_time(self, app, session):
        """A helper method that returns an expiration date for the session
        or ``None`` if the session is linked to the browser session.  The
        default implementation returns now + the permanent session
        lifetime configured on the application.
        """
        if session.permanent:
            return datetime.utcnow() + app.permanent_session_lifetime

    def should_set_cookie(self, app, session):
        """Used by session backends to determine if a ``Set-Cookie`` header
        should be set for this session cookie for this response. If the session
        has been modified, the cookie is set. If the session is permanent and
        the ``SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST`` config is true, the cookie is
        always set.

        This check is usually skipped if the session was deleted.

        .. versionadded:: 0.11
        """

        return session.modified or (
            session.permanent and app.config['SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST']
        )

    def open_session(self, app, request):
        """This method has to be implemented and must either return ``None``
        in case the loading failed because of a configuration error or an
        instance of a session object which implements a dictionary like
        interface + the methods and attributes on :class:`SessionMixin`.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def save_session(self, app, session, response):
        """This is called for actual sessions returned by :meth:`open_session`
        at the end of the request.  This is still called during a request
        context so if you absolutely need access to the request you can do
        that.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError()

session_json_serializer = TaggedJSONSerializer()

class SecureCookieSessionInterface(SessionInterface):
    """The default session interface that stores sessions in signed cookies
    through the :mod:`itsdangerous` module.
    """
    #: the salt that should be applied on top of the secret key for the
    #: signing of cookie based sessions.
    salt = 'cookie-session'
    #: the hash function to use for the signature.  The default is sha1
    digest_method = staticmethod(hashlib.sha1)
    #: the name of the itsdangerous supported key derivation.  The default
    #: is hmac.
    key_derivation = 'hmac'
    #: A python serializer for the payload.  The default is a compact
    #: JSON derived serializer with support for some extra Python types
    #: such as datetime objects or tuples.
    serializer = session_json_serializer
    session_class = SecureCookieSession

    def get_signing_serializer(self, app):
        if not app.secret_key:
            return None
        signer_kwargs = dict(
            key_derivation=self.key_derivation,
            digest_method=self.digest_method
        )
        return URLSafeTimedSerializer(app.secret_key, salt=self.salt,
                                      serializer=self.serializer,
                                      signer_kwargs=signer_kwargs)

    def open_session(self, app, request):
        s = self.get_signing_serializer(app)
        if s is None:
            return None
        val = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
        if not val:
            return self.session_class()
        max_age = total_seconds(app.permanent_session_lifetime)
        try:
            data = s.loads(val, max_age=max_age)
            return self.session_class(data)
        except BadSignature:
            return self.session_class()

    def save_session(self, app, session, response):
        domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
        path = self.get_cookie_path(app)

        # If the session is modified to be empty, remove the cookie.
        # If the session is empty, return without setting the cookie.
        if not session:
            if session.modified:
                response.delete_cookie(
                    app.session_cookie_name,
                    domain=domain,
                    path=path
                )

            return

        # Add a "Vary: Cookie" header if the session was accessed at all.
        if session.accessed:
            response.vary.add('Cookie')

        if not self.should_set_cookie(app, session):
            return

        httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
        secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
        samesite = self.get_cookie_samesite(app)
        expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
        val = self.get_signing_serializer(app).dumps(dict(session))
        response.set_cookie(
            app.session_cookie_name,
            val,
            expires=expires,
            httponly=httponly,
            domain=domain,
            path=path,
            secure=secure,
            samesite=samesite
        )

from crm import create_app

app = create_app()
if __name__ == '__main__':

    app.run()

from flask import  Flask

from .views.account import ac
from .views.user import uc

def create_app():
    app = Flask(__name__)

    @app.before_request
    def filter():
        print('过滤全局！全局方法')

    app.register_blueprint(ac,url_prefix='/api')#加前缀,url_prefix='/api'  #浏览器输入http://127.0.0.1:5000/api/login
    app.register_blueprint(uc)
    return  app

# 过滤全局！全局方法
# /Oct/ ::]  -
# 过滤局部！uc方法
# 过滤全局！全局方法
# /Oct/ ::]  -

# 在蓝图里面可以全部加特殊装饰器，也可以是局部的
#例子：before_request

#这个 项目目录结构 是小蓝图的例子[小型应用程序]
#大蓝图 就和django 基本上一样了[大型应用程序]
#

from flask import Blueprint

uc = Blueprint('uc',__name__)
@uc.before_request
def filter():
    print('过滤局部！uc方法')

@uc.route('/list')
def list():
    return 'List'

@uc.route('/detail')
def detail():
    return 'detail'

#账户相关
from flask import Blueprint,render_template

ac = Blueprint('ac',__name__,template_folder='log')#设置模板文件夹，优先在templates里面找模板文件，找不到再到template_folder 设置的文件夹里面去找
# ac = Blueprint('ac',__name__,template_folder='log',static_url_path='') #还可以设置静态文件 什么鬼？ 如何用的？

@ac.route('/login')
def login():
    # return render_template('/log/login.html')#这样可以访问的
    return render_template('login.html')

@ac.route('/logout')
def logout():
    return 'logout'

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
用户登录
</body>
</html>