二、路由系统
路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world") class WorkHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self,page):
self.write(page) class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self, story_id):
self.write("You requested the story " + story_id) class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index") application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
(r"/work/(?P<page>\d*)",WorkHanlder),
]) application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [
(r'/index',BuyHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
分页(一页显示五条内容,每页显示11个页码)
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
from work.controller import work settings={
"template_path":"tpl",
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/work/(?P<page>\d*)",work.WorkHanlder),
],**settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
start.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.web
list_all = ["ssdfsdgsdsgfdf",]
for i in range(100):
list_all.append("123士大夫是的覅是公司的")
class WorkHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self,page): #page指的是当前页
list_asd = []
try:
page = int(page) #如果在浏览器上输入的值为整型则正常转
except:
page = 1 #如果输入的值不是int型的,则默认为第一页
start = (page - 1)*5 #内容的开始取值范围
end = page*5 #内容的结束取值范围
list = list_all[start:end] #根据当前页的页码,获取相应页码的内容
all_page ,c = divmod(len(list_all),5) #每页的内容设置为5,超出时下一页显示
if c>0:
all_page+= 1 # 如果余数大于0,说明还需要另一页来显示
if all_page < 11: #设置一页显示11个页码 如果总页数为小于11的话,无论点那一页默认显示全部
s = 1 #页码开始为1
t = all_page #页码结束为总页码
else: #我们设置格式为显示前5后5
if page < 6: #当页码大于11的时候,又分当前页码如果小于6时,显示1-12的页码
s = 1
t = 12
else: #页码大于11且当前页码大于6时又分下面俩种
if all_page > page +5 : #
s = page - 5
t = page + 5 + 1
else:
s = all_page - 11
t = all_page + 1
for p in range(s,t):
if p == page:
temp = "<a href='/work/%s' style='color:red'>%s</a>"%(p,p)
else:
temp = "<a href='/work/%s'>%s</a>"%(p,p)
list_asd.append(temp)
st = "".join(list_asd)
self.render("work.html",list_show = list ,list_page =st,) def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
work.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{% for item in list_show %}
<h3>{{ item }}</h3>
{% end %} {% raw list_page %}
</body>
</html>
work.html
css文件和js文件的引入方式
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{static_url('chouti.css')}}">
<script src="{{static_url('jquery-1.9.1.min.js')}}"></script>
Tornado中原生支持二级域名的路由,如:
三、模板引擎
Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”,控制语句是使用 {%
和 %}
包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}
。表达语句是使用 {{
和 }}
包起来的
,例如 {{ items[0] }}
。
控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if
、for
、while
和 try
,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %}
做标记。还通过 extends
和 block
语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template
模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。
注:在使用模板前需要在setting中设置模板路径:"template_path" : "tpl"
1、基本使用
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33]) application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
]) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
index
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>老男孩</title>
<link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body> <div>
<ul>
{% for item in list_info %}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{% end %}
</ul>
</div> <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> </body>
</html>
index.html
在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用: escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
datetime: Python 的 datetime 模组
handler: 当前的 RequestHandler 对象
request: handler.request 的別名
current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
locale: handler.locale 的別名
_: handler.locale.translate 的別名
static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名
2、母版
内容的引入:
在母版的body块中写--------------->{% block body %}{% end %}
在子版中写------------------------{% extends 'layout.html'%} ---------->导入母版
-----------------------------------{% block body %}---------------------->格式
-----------------------------------<h1>work</h1>------------------------>内容
-----------------------------------{% end %}------------------------------>格式
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style>
.c1{
height: 40px;
background-color: #2459a2;
}
.c2{
height: 40px;
background-color: black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="c1"></div>
{% block body %}{% end %}
<div class="c2"></div>
</body>
</html>
layout.html
{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block body %}
<h1>index</h1>
{% end %}
index.html
{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block body %}
<h1>work</h1>
{% end %}
work.html
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.web class IndexHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("index.html")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
class WorkHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("work.html")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
pas
extend
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
from work.controller import work
from work.controller import extend settings={
"template_path":"tpl",
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/work",extend.WorkHanlder),
(r"/index", extend.IndexHanlder),
],**settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
start.py
css的引入1:
在母版的head块中写--------------->{% block css %}{% end %}
在子版中写--------------------------{% block css %}------------------------------------------------------------------>格式
------------------------------------<link href="{{static_url('s1.css')}}" rel="stylesheet" />----------------------->内容
------------------------------------{% end %}------------------------------------------------------------------------->格式
css的引入2:
在母版的head块中写--------------->{% block css %}{% end %}
在子版中写--------------------------{% block css %}------------------------------------------------------------------>格式
------------------------------------<style>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------- .s1{ width: 30px; height: 30px; color: #2459a2; background-color: greenyellow; }
----------------------------------- </style>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------{% end %}------------------------------------------------------------------------->格式
整体body块、css块、js块母版汇总:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<link href="{{static_url('s1.css')}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% block css %}{% end %} <!-- 这里的css和下面的JavaScript大小写都行,只要母版和子版中的一样就行---->
</head>
<body> <div class="c1">11111111</div>
{% block body %}{% end %}
<div class="c2">3333333333</div> <script src="{{static_url('js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js')}}"></script>
{% block javascript %}{% end %} </body>
</html>
母版
{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block css %}
<style>
.s1{
width: 30px;
height: 30px;
color: #2459a2;
background-color: greenyellow;
}
</style>
{% end %}
{% block body %}
<div class="s1">123123</div>
<h1>work</h1>
{% end %} <ul>
{% for item in li %}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{% end %}
</ul> {% block javascript %}
<script>
alert("12121212121")
</script>
{% end %}
子版
3、导入
<form action="">
<input type="text">
<input type="text">
</form>
form.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{% include "form.html" %}
</body>
</html>
index.html
四、cookie
1、基本操作
Cookie是由服务器端生成,发送给User-Agent(一般是浏览器),浏览器会将Cookie的key/value保存到某个目录下的文本文件内,下次请求同一网站时就发送该Cookie给服务器(前提是浏览器设置为启用cookie)
在后台设置cookie:
class IndexHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
print(self.cookies) #获取http请求中携带的浏览器中的所有cookie
print(self.get_cookie("k1")) # 获取浏览器中的cooki
self.set_cookie("k1","v1") #为浏览器设置cookie
在前端(浏览器上使用JavaScript):
document.cookie #获取浏览器中所有的cookie
document.cookie.split(";") #获取浏览器中具体某一个cookie,需要先分割,再操作
document.cookie = "k1=999" #设置cookie
由于Cookie保存在浏览器端,所以在浏览器端也可以使用JavaScript来操作Cookie:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>123</h1>
</body>
<script>
/*设置cookie,指定秒数过期*/
function setCookieBySeconds(name,value,expires){
var current_date = new Date(); //获取当前时间
current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + expires);
document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
}
/*设置cookie,指定天数过期*/
function setCookieByDays(name,value,expires){
var current_date = new Date(); //获取当前时间
current_date.setDate(current_date.getDate() + expires);
document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
}
</script>
</html>
JavaScript操作Cookie
2、加密cookie(签名)
Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中:
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
for part in parts:
hash.update(utf8(part))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) # 加密
def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
hash.update(utf8(s))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
key_version=None):
if version is None:
version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
if clock is None:
clock = time.time timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
if version == 1:
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
return value
elif version == 2:
# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
# signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in
# decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an
# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
# the final pipe.
#
# The fields are:
# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
# - key version (integer, default is 0)
# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
# - value (base64-encoded)
# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
def format_field(s):
return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
to_sign = b"|".join([
b"",
format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
format_field(timestamp),
format_field(name),
format_field(value),
b'']) if isinstance(secret, dict):
assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'
assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'
secret = secret[key_version] signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
return to_sign + signature
else:
raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version) # 解密
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
if len(parts) != 3:
return None
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
return None
timestamp = int(parts[1])
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
return None
if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
# signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
value)
return None
if parts[1].startswith(b""):
gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
except Exception:
return None def _decode_fields_v2(value):
def _consume_field(s):
length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')
n = int(length)
field_value = rest[:n]
# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':
raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
rest = rest[n + 1:]
return field_value, rest rest = value[2:] # remove version number
key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
try:
key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None
signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] if isinstance(secret, dict):
try:
secret = secret[key_version]
except KeyError:
return None expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
return None
if name_field != utf8(name):
return None
timestamp = int(timestamp)
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
# The signature has expired.
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(value_field)
except Exception:
return None def get_signature_key_version(value):
value = utf8(value)
version = _get_version(value)
if version < 2:
return None
try:
key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None return key_version
内部算法
签名Cookie的本质是:
写cookie过程:
- 将值进行base64加密
- 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)
- 拼接 签名 + 加密值
v1 = base64(v1)
k1 = v1 | 加密串(md5(v1+时间戳+自定义字符串)) | 时间戳
读cookie过程:
- 读取 签名 + 加密值
- 对签名进行验证
- base64解密,获取值内容
五、Session(依赖于cookie)
由于cookie中需要保存客户的很多信息,而且如果信息很多的话,服务端与客户端交互的时候也浪费流量,所以我们需要用很少的一段字符串来保存很多的信息,这就是我们所要引进的session。
cookie 和session 的区别:
1、cookie数据存放在客户的浏览器上,session数据放在服务器上。
2、cookie不是很安全,别人可以分析存放在本地的COOKIE并进行COOKIE欺骗 考虑到安全应当使用session。
3、session会在一定时间内保存在服务器上。当访问增多,会比较占用你服务器的性能 考虑到减轻服务器性能方面,应当使用COOKIE。
4、单个cookie保存的数据不能超过4K,很多浏览器都限制一个站点最多保存20个cookie。
5、所以个人建议: 将登陆信息等重要信息存放为SESSION 其他信息如果需要保留,可以放在COOKIE中
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
import hashlib
import time
li = {}
class IndexHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
obj = hashlib.md5()
obj.update(bytes(str(time.time()),encoding="utf-8"))
random_str = obj.hexdigest()
li[random_str]={}
li[random_str]["k1"]=123
li[random_str]["k2"]=456
li[random_str]["is_login"]=True
self.set_cookie("qqqqqq",random_str)
self.write("成功设置cookie")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass class ManagerHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
random_str = self.get_cookie("qqqqqq",None)
current_user_info = li.get(random_str,None)
if not current_user_info:
self.redirect("/index")
else:
if li[random_str]["is_login"]:
self.write("欢迎")
else:
self.redirect("/index")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass settings={
"template_path":"tpl",
"static_path":"st",
"cookie_secret":""
} class IndeHanlder(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render("1.html")
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", IndexHanlder),
(r"/manager", ManagerHanlder),
],**settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
利用session做用户验证
#!/usr/bin/env/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.web container = {}
# container = {
# # "第一个人的随机字符串":{},
# # "第一个人的随机字符串":{'k1': 111, 'parents': '你'},
# } class Session:
def __init__(self, handler):
self.handler = handler
self.random_str = None def __genarate_random_str(self):
import hashlib
import time
obj = hashlib.md5()
obj.update(bytes(str(time.time()), encoding='utf-8'))
random_str = obj.hexdigest()
return random_str def __setitem__(self, key, value):
# 在container中加入随机字符串
# 定义专属于自己的数据
# 在客户端中写入随机字符串
# 判断,请求的用户是否已有随机字符串
if not self.random_str:
random_str = self.handler.get_cookie('__kakaka__')
if not random_str:
random_str = self.__genarate_random_str()
container[random_str] = {}
else:
# 客户端有随机字符串
if random_str in container.keys():
pass
else:
random_str = self.__genarate_random_str()
container[random_str] = {}
self.random_str = random_str container[self.random_str][key] = value
self.handler.set_cookie("__kakaka__", self.random_str) def __getitem__(self, key):
# 获取客户端的随机字符串
# 从container中获取专属于我的数据
# 专属信息【key】
random_str = self.handler.get_cookie("__kakaka__")
if not random_str:
return None
# 客户端有随机字符串
user_info_dict = container.get(random_str,None)
if not user_info_dict:
return None
value = user_info_dict.get(key, None)
return value
class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def initialize(self):
self.session = Session(self)
class IndexHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
if self.get_argument('u',None) in ['alex','eric']:
self.session['is_login'] = True
self.session['name'] =self.get_argument('u',None)
print(container)
else:
self.write('请你先登录')
class MangerHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self):
val = self.session['is_login']
if val:
self.write(self.session['name'])
else:
self.write('登录失败')
class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self,*args,**kwargs):
self.render('login.html',status="")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
user = self.get_argument('user',None)
pwd = self.get_argument('pwd',None)
code = self.get_argument('code',None)
check_code = self.session['CheckCode']
if code.upper() == check_code.upper():
self.write('验证码正确')
else:
self.render('login.html',status ='验证码错误')
class CheckCodeHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self,*args,**kwargs):
import io
import check_code
mstream = io.BytesIO()
img, code = check_code.create_validate_code()
img.save(mstream,'GIF')
self.session['CheckCode']=code
self.write(mstream.getvalue())
class CsrfHandler(BaseHandler):
def get(self,*args,**kwargs):
self.render("csrf.html")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.write("hahahahaah") settings = {
'template_path':'views',
'static_path':'static',
"xsrf_cookies":True
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r'/index',IndexHandler),
(r'/manger',MangerHandler),
(r'/login',LoginHandler),
(r'/check_code',CheckCodeHandler),
(r'/csrf',CsrfHandler),
],**settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
session用户验证精简版
六、验证码
验证码原理在于后台自动创建一张带有随机内容的图片,然后将内容通过img标签输出到页面
安装图像处理模块:
pip3 install pillow
步骤:1、首先下载安装pillow图像处理模块------->2、把check_code.py文件和Monaco.ttf文件放在目录下
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
import io
import check_code
li = []
class CheckCodeHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
mstream = io.BytesIO()
img, code = check_code.create_validate_code()
li.append(code) #这里可以保存到session中
img.save(mstream, "GIF")
self.write(mstream.getvalue())
print(code) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('login.html',status="")
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
user = self.get_argument("user",None)
pwd = self.get_argument("pwd",None)
mima = self.get_argument("mima",None)
if user == "alex" and pwd == "" and mima.upper() == li[0].upper(): #不区分大小写
self.write("登录成功")
else:
# self.redirect("/login")
self.render("login.html",status = "验证码错误") settings = {
'template_path': 'tpl',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
} application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
(r"/check_code", CheckCodeHandler),
], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
start.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import random
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter _letter_cases = "abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxy" # 小写字母,去除可能干扰的i,l,o,z
_upper_cases = _letter_cases.upper() # 大写字母
_numbers = ''.join(map(str, range(3, 10))) # 数字
init_chars = ''.join((_letter_cases, _upper_cases, _numbers)) def create_validate_code(size=(120, 30),
chars=init_chars,
img_type="GIF",
mode="RGB",
bg_color=(255, 255, 255),
fg_color=(0, 0, 255),
font_size=18,
font_type="Monaco.ttf",
length=4,
draw_lines=True,
n_line=(1, 2),
draw_points=True,
point_chance = 2):
'''
@todo: 生成验证码图片
@param size: 图片的大小,格式(宽,高),默认为(120, 30)
@param chars: 允许的字符集合,格式字符串
@param img_type: 图片保存的格式,默认为GIF,可选的为GIF,JPEG,TIFF,PNG
@param mode: 图片模式,默认为RGB
@param bg_color: 背景颜色,默认为白色
@param fg_color: 前景色,验证码字符颜色,默认为蓝色#0000FF
@param font_size: 验证码字体大小
@param font_type: 验证码字体,默认为 ae_AlArabiya.ttf
@param length: 验证码字符个数
@param draw_lines: 是否划干扰线
@param n_lines: 干扰线的条数范围,格式元组,默认为(1, 2),只有draw_lines为True时有效
@param draw_points: 是否画干扰点
@param point_chance: 干扰点出现的概率,大小范围[0, 100]
@return: [0]: PIL Image实例
@return: [1]: 验证码图片中的字符串
''' width, height = size # 宽, 高
img = Image.new(mode, size, bg_color) # 创建图形
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img) # 创建画笔 def get_chars():
'''生成给定长度的字符串,返回列表格式'''
return random.sample(chars, length) def create_lines():
'''绘制干扰线'''
line_num = random.randint(*n_line) # 干扰线条数 for i in range(line_num):
# 起始点
begin = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1]))
#结束点
end = (random.randint(0, size[0]), random.randint(0, size[1]))
draw.line([begin, end], fill=(0, 0, 0)) def create_points():
'''绘制干扰点'''
chance = min(100, max(0, int(point_chance))) # 大小限制在[0, 100] for w in range(width):
for h in range(height):
tmp = random.randint(0, 100)
if tmp > 100 - chance:
draw.point((w, h), fill=(0, 0, 0)) def create_strs():
'''绘制验证码字符'''
c_chars = get_chars()
strs = ' %s ' % ' '.join(c_chars) # 每个字符前后以空格隔开 font = ImageFont.truetype(font_type, font_size)
font_width, font_height = font.getsize(strs) draw.text(((width - font_width) / 3, (height - font_height) / 3),
strs, font=font, fill=fg_color) return ''.join(c_chars) if draw_lines:
create_lines()
if draw_points:
create_points()
strs = create_strs() # 图形扭曲参数
params = [1 - float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 100,
0,
0,
0,
1 - float(random.randint(1, 10)) / 100,
float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500,
0.001,
float(random.randint(1, 2)) / 500
]
img = img.transform(size, Image.PERSPECTIVE, params) # 创建扭曲 img = img.filter(ImageFilter.EDGE_ENHANCE_MORE) # 滤镜,边界加强(阈值更大) return img, strs
check_code.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/login" method="post">
<p><input name="user" placeholder="用户名" type="text"></p>
<p><input name="pwd" placeholder="密码" type="text"></p>
<p>
<input name="mima" placeholder="验证码" type="text" >
<img src="/check_code" onclick='ChangeCode();' id='imgCode'>
</p>
<input type="submit" value="提交"><span style="color: red">{{status}}</span>
</form>
<script>
function ChangeCode() {
var code = document.getElementById('imgCode');
code.src += '?';
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
login.html