【Java】聊聊常用的摘要算法，比如MD5

2023-07-27 19:50:58

摘要算法的特性

摘要算法的目的的将信息进行简单地摘要，将任意长的信息摘要成固定长的信息。比如MD5，将任意长的信息摘要成128位的摘要。
不可逆的，将报文摘要成一段信息后，无法通过摘要信息还原会报文。
冲突性。一份报文跟其他报文的摘要信息有可能是一致的，即冲突的。一般来说，摘要算法会设计得冲突性尽量小。

常用的摘要算法有：MD5、SHA（Secure Hash Algorithm）等。下面介绍MD5。

MD5

MD，全文是Message Digest，即信息摘要的意思，是常用的信息摘要算法。

它是一种不可逆的算法，也就是说，假如将一个信息MD5摘要成一串代码，将不能通过这串代码还原回原来的信息。

使用的场景

出于这种特性，MD5常用来校验密码是否正确、校验下载文件是否完整无损。

-> 校验密码是否正确：将用户注册的密码MD5摘要后储存起来，待用户登录时将用户录入的密码MD5摘要，对比两次摘要后的信息是否相等，相等即密码正确。（这里如果加盐会更好，见后面章节）

-> 校验下载文件是否完整无损：我们常下载开源文件资源包时，可以看到网站上提供的该资源包的MD5（比如下载POI，如图一），下载文件完毕后，可通过自己的程序或直接去一些网站上计算其MD5码，如果与官网上提供的一致，则表示文件完整无损。（图二第3行日志可见，以下程序计算的MD5码与图一的官网截图一致）

直接进行MD5是否足够，为什么要加盐

如图一可见，123456的MD5码为e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e。一般来说，MD5摘要的结果是128位的摘要信息，然后每4位用一个16进制字符表示，所有，MD5摘要的结果一般显示为32位的16进制。

如果你的系统用MD5摘要，并且无加盐，还经常使用123456为测试密码，对这一串MD5码一定很熟悉。这一些MD5码就静静地躺在DB中待校验。

如果数据库被暴露（比如拖库），坏人得到了这些MD5码，就可以通过常用密码与其MD5码的映射关系，轻而易举地翻译出大多数密码。

所以，一般来说，我们需要对原始密码进行加盐，所谓加盐，就是按照一定规则扰乱原有字符串，然后再进行MD5摘要。这个规则，自己定义，并且一定保密。

调用Spring工具类获取MD5码

目前Spring应用广泛，我们就直接使用Spring的api获取MD5码了。

<dependency>

    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>

    <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>

    <version>3.2.15.RELEASE</version>

</dependency>

package com.nicchagil.md5study;

import org.springframework.util.DigestUtils;

public class MD5UtilBySpring {

    /**

     * 使用MD5作信息摘要，并以十六进制表示

     */

    public static String md5(byte[] bytes) {

        return DigestUtils.md5DigestAsHex(bytes);

    }

    /**

     * 使用MD5作信息摘要，并以十六进制表示

     */

    public static String md5(String s) {

        if (s == null || s.length() == 0) {

            return null;

        }

        return MD5UtilBySpring.md5(s.getBytes());

    }

}

package com.nicchagil.md5study;

public class Salter {

    public static final String PREFIX = "HOW";

    public static final String FILLING = "ARE";

    public static final Integer FILLING_INDEX = 5;

    public static final String POSTFIX = "YOU!";

    public static String salt(String source) {

        if (source == null || source.length() == 0) {

            return null;

        }

        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(source);

        if (sb.length() > FILLING_INDEX) {

            sb.insert(FILLING_INDEX, FILLING);

        }

        return sb.insert(0, PREFIX).append(POSTFIX).toString();

    }

}

package com.nicchagil.md5study;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;

import java.io.File;

import java.io.FileInputStream;

import org.junit.Test;

public class HowToUse {

    @Test

    public void test() throws Exception {

        String source = "123456";

        String md5Hex = MD5UtilBySpring.md5(source);

        System.out.println(source + "'s hex md5 -> " + md5Hex);

    }

    @Test

    public void test2() throws Exception {

        File file = new File("d:/poi-bin-3.13-20150929.tar.gz");

        FileInputStream fis = null;

        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;

        try {

            fis = new FileInputStream(file);

            baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];

            int size = 0;

            while ((size = fis.read(bytes)) != -1) {

                if (size == 1024) {

                    baos.write(bytes);

                } else {

                    baos.write(bytes, 0, size);

                }

            }

            byte[] resultBytes = baos.toByteArray();

            System.out.println("size -> " + resultBytes.length);

            String md5Hex = MD5UtilBySpring.md5(resultBytes);

            System.out.println("Hex md5 -> " + md5Hex);

        } finally {

            if (fis != null) {

                fis.close();

            }

            if (baos != null) {

                baos.close();

            }

        }

    }

    @Test

    public void test3() throws Exception {

        String source = "123456";

        String saltSource = Salter.salt(source);

        String md5 = MD5UtilBySpring.md5(saltSource);

        System.out.println(source + " salt -> " + saltSource + " MD5 -> " + md5);

        source = "12345";

        saltSource = Salter.salt(source);

        md5 = MD5UtilBySpring.md5(saltSource);

        System.out.println(source + " salt -> " + saltSource + " MD5 -> " + md5);

        source = "1234";

        saltSource = Salter.salt(source);

        md5 = MD5UtilBySpring.md5(saltSource);

        System.out.println(source + " salt -> " + saltSource + " MD5 -> " + md5);

    }

}

图一

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图二

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" alt="" />

码农公寓

摘要算法的特性

MD5

使用的场景

直接进行MD5是否足够，为什么要加盐

调用Spring工具类获取MD5码

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