目录

• Outline
• What's Gradient
• What does it mean？
• How to search
• For instance
• AutoGrad
  • 2nd$2^{nd}$-order

Outline

• What's Gradient

• What does it mean

• How to Search

• AutoGrad

What's Gradient

• 导数，derivative，抽象表达

• 偏微分，partial derivative，沿着某个具体的轴运动

• 梯度，gradient，向量

∇f=(∂f∂x1;∂f∂x2;⋯;∂f∂xn)$$\mathrm{\nabla }f=(\frac{\mathrm{\partial }f}{\mathrm{\partial }{x}_1};\frac{\mathrm{\partial }f}{\mathrm{\partial }{x}_2};\cdots ;\frac{\mathrm{\partial }f}{\mathrm{\partial }{x}_n})$$

What does it mean？

• 箭头的方向表示梯度的方向
• 箭头模的大小表示梯度增大的速率

How to search

• 沿着梯度下降的反方向搜索

For instance

θt+1=θt−αt∇f(θt)$${\theta }_{t+1}={\theta }_t-{\alpha }_t\mathrm{\nabla }f({\theta }_t)$$

AutoGrad

• With Tf.GradientTape() as tape:

  • Build computation graph
  • loss=fθ(x)$loss=f_{\theta }(x)$

• [w_grad] = tape.gradient(loss,[w])

import tensorflow as tf

w = tf.constant(1.)
x = tf.constant(2.)
y = x * w

with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    tape.watch([w])
    y2 = x * w

grad1 = tape.gradient(y, [w])
grad1

[None]

with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    tape.watch([w])
    y2 = x * w

grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w])
grad2

[<tf.Tensor: id=30, shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]

try:
    grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w])
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

GradientTape.gradient can only be called once on non-persistent tapes.

• 永久保存grad

with tf.GradientTape(persistent=True) as tape:
    tape.watch([w])
    y2 = x * w

grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w])
grad2

[<tf.Tensor: id=35, shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]

grad2 = tape.gradient(y2, [w])
grad2

[<tf.Tensor: id=39, shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]

2nd$2^{nd}$-order

• y = xw + b

• ∂y∂w=x$\frac{\mathrm{\partial }y}{\mathrm{\partial }w}=x$

• ∂2y∂w2=∂y′∂w=∂X∂w=None$\frac{{\mathrm{\partial }}^{2}y}{\mathrm{\partial }{w}^2}=\frac{\mathrm{\partial }{y}^{\prime }}{\mathrm{\partial }w}=\frac{\mathrm{\partial }X}{\mathrm{\partial }w}=None$

with tf.GradientTape() as t1:
    with tf.GradientTape() as t2:
        y = x * w + b
    dy_dw, dy_db = t2.gradient(y, [w, b])
d2y_dw2 = t1.gradient(dy_dw, w)