ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇② 闲聊Arduino IDE For ESP8266烧录配置

2023-07-24 17:58:34

授人以鱼不如授人以渔，目的不是为了教会你具体项目开发，而是学会学习的能力。希望大家分享给你周边需要的朋友或者同学，说不定大神成长之路有博哥的奠基石。。。

QQ技术互动交流群：ESP8266&32 物联网开发群号622368884，不喜勿喷

一、你如果想学基于Arduino的ESP8266开发技术

一、基础篇

ESP8266开发之旅基础篇① 走进ESP8266的世界

ESP8266开发之旅基础篇② 如何安装ESP8266的Arduino开发环境

ESP8266开发之旅基础篇③ ESP8266与Arduino的开发说明

ESP8266开发之旅基础篇④ ESP8266与EEPROM

ESP8266开发之旅基础篇⑤ ESP8266 SPI通信和I2C通信

ESP8266开发之旅基础篇⑥ Ticker——ESP8266定时库

二、网络篇

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇① 认识一下Arduino Core For ESP8266

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇② ESP8266 工作模式与ESP8266WiFi库

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇③ Soft-AP——ESP8266WiFiAP库的使用

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇④ Station——ESP8266WiFiSTA库的使用

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑤ Scan WiFi——ESP8266WiFiScan库的使用

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑥ ESP8266WiFiGeneric——基础库

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑦ TCP Server & TCP Client

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑧ SmartConfig——一键配网

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑨ HttpClient——ESP8266HTTPClient库的使用

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑩ UDP服务

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑪ WebServer——ESP8266WebServer库的使用

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑫ 域名服务——ESP8266mDNS库

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑬ SPIFFS——ESP8266 Flash文件系统

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑭ web配网

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑮ 真正的域名服务——DNSServer

ESP8266开发之旅网络篇⑯ 无线更新——OTA固件更新

三、应用篇

ESP8266开发之旅应用篇① 局域网应用 ——炫酷RGB彩灯

ESP8266开发之旅应用篇② OLED显示天气屏

ESP8266开发之旅应用篇③ 简易版WiFi小车

四、高级篇

ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇① 代码优化 —— ESP8266内存管理

ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇② 闲聊Arduino IDE For ESP8266配置

ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇③ 闲聊 ESP8266 Flash

ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇④ 常见问题 —— 解决困扰

ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇⑤ 代码规范 —— 像写文章一样优美

ESP8266开发之旅进阶篇⑥ ESP-specific APIs说明

1.前言

在学习ESP8266开发的过程中，很多初学开发者很容易出现以下几种问题：

编译代码提示缺少ESP8266WiFi库（原因之一就是选择了非ESP8266板子编译，比如Arduino UNO）；
ESP8266烧录失败（原因之一就是配置了错误的烧录选项，比如目标板是NodeMcu但是选择了其他板子）；
ESP8266烧录成功，但是显示串口乱码（原因之一也是配置了错误的烧录选项，配置错误的FlashMode）；

归根到底，就是初学者不理解各个编译选项的含义，很容易选择错误的配置选项。所以，博主将在本篇讲解一下Arduino IDE For ESP8266烧录配置。

2.什么是烧录配置

要想知道烧录配置所处的位置以及作用，先来看看博主理解的烧录配置，请看下图：

可以看出：

当我们点击ArduinoIDE上的编译选项的时候，系统会根据编译配置文件 boards.txt 去编译链接我们写的项目代码。
boards.txt 是通过运行 boards.txt.py 生成的，需要我们在编译代码之前就去配置了，也就是说我们在编译之前需要更改 ArduinoIDE->工具下的选项。

这里就是我们开发者需要了解的编译配置，可以看到分别有：

开发板（最终要烧写的目标板）
Upload Speed（串口上传速率）
CPU Frequency（CPU频率）
Crystal Frequency（晶振振动频率）
Flash Size（flash大小）
Flash Mode（flash传输模式）
Flash Frequency（flash传输频率）
Reset Method（重启方法）
Debug port（调试信息打印端口）
Debug Level（调试信息打印级别）
lwIP Variant
VTables（虚函数）
Exceptions
Builtin Led（板载led）
Erase Flash（擦除flash方式）

接下来博主会仔细讲解里面具体的用法。

注意：博主建议学习这篇的时候，请打开ArduinoIDE

3.详解编译配置

3.1 开发板 —— 烧写目标板

表示我们代码最终烧录的目标板子，目前支持如下：

可以看到这个库其实已经非常完善了（感谢开源精神），支持了众多的ESP8266板子。
虽然板子众多，但是我们重点关注一下我们常用的几款：

Generic ESP8266 Module（通用的8266模块，其他的一些板子也可以通过这个来配置，其实可以理解为自定义配置）：

( 'generic', {
        'name': 'Generic ESP8266 Module',
        'opts': {
            '.build.board': 'ESP8266_GENERIC',
            },
        'macro': [
            'resetmethod_menu',
            'resetmethod_menu_extra',
            'crystalfreq_menu',
            'flashfreq_menu',
            'flashmode_menu',
            '512K', '1M', '2M', '4M', '8M', '16M',
            'led',
            ],
        'desc': [ 'These modules come in different form factors and pinouts. See the page at ESP8266 community wiki for more info: `ESP8266 Module Family <http://www.esp8266.com/wiki/doku.php?id=esp8266-module-family>`__.',
                  '',
                  'Usually these modules have no bootstapping resistors on board, insufficient decoupling capacitors, no voltage regulator, no reset circuit, and no USB-serial adapter. This makes using them somewhat tricky, compared to development boards which add these features.',
                  '',
                  'In order to use these modules, make sure to observe the following:',
                  '',
                  '-  **Provide sufficient power to the module.** For stable use of the ESP8266 a power supply with 3.3V and >= 250mA is required. Using the power available from USB to Serial adapter is not recommended, these adapters typically do not supply enough current to run ESP8266 reliably in every situation. An external supply or regulator alongwith filtering capacitors is preferred.',
                  '',
                  '-  **Connect bootstapping resistors** to GPIO0, GPIO2, GPIO15 according to the schematics below.',
                  '',
                  '-  **Put ESP8266 into bootloader mode** before uploading code.',
                  '',
                  'Serial Adapter',
                  '--------------',
                  '',
                  'There are many different USB to Serial adapters / boards. To be able to put ESP8266 into bootloader mode using serial handshaking lines, you need the adapter which breaks out RTS and DTR outputs. CTS and DSR are not useful for upload (they are inputs). Make sure the adapter can work with 3.3V IO voltage: it should have a jumper or a switch to select between 5V and 3.3V, or be marked as 3.3V only.',
                  '',
                  'Adapters based around the following ICs should work:',
                  '',
                  '-  FT232RL',
                  '-  CP2102',
                  '-  CH340G',
                  '',
                  'PL2303-based adapters are known not to work on Mac OS X. See https://github.com/igrr/esptool-ck/issues/9 for more info.',
                  '',
                  'Minimal Hardware Setup for Bootloading and Usage',
                  '------------------------------------------------',
                  '',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| PIN             | Resistor   | Serial Adapter   |',
                  '+=================+============+==================+',
                  '| VCC             |            | VCC (3.3V)       |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| GND             |            | GND              |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| TX or GPIO2\*   |            | RX               |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| RX              |            | TX               |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| GPIO0           | PullUp     | DTR              |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| Reset\*         | PullUp     | RTS              |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| GPIO15\*        | PullDown   |                  |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| CH\_PD          | PullUp     |                  |',
                  '+-----------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '',
                  '-  Note',
                  '-  GPIO15 is also named MTDO',
                  '-  Reset is also named RSBT or REST (adding PullUp improves the',
                  '   stability of the module)',
                  '-  GPIO2 is alternative TX for the boot loader mode',
                  '-  **Directly connecting a pin to VCC or GND is not a substitute for a',
                  '   PullUp or PullDown resistor, doing this can break upload management',
                  '   and the serial console, instability has also been noted in some',
                  '   cases.**',
                  '',
                  'ESP to Serial',
                  '-------------',
                  '',
                  '.. figure:: ESP_to_serial.png',
                  '   :alt: ESP to Serial',
                  '',
                  '   ESP to Serial',
                  '',
                  'Minimal Hardware Setup for Bootloading only',
                  '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~',
                  '',
                  'ESPxx Hardware',
                  '',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| PIN           | Resistor   | Serial Adapter   |',
                  '+===============+============+==================+',
                  '| VCC           |            | VCC (3.3V)       |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| GND           |            | GND              |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| TX or GPIO2   |            | RX               |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| RX            |            | TX               |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| GPIO0         |            | GND              |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| Reset         |            | RTS\*            |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| GPIO15        | PullDown   |                  |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '| CH\_PD        | PullUp     |                  |',
                  '+---------------+------------+------------------+',
                  '',
                  '-  Note',
                  '-  if no RTS is used a manual power toggle is needed',
                  '',
                  'Minimal Hardware Setup for Running only',
                  '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~',
                  '',
                  'ESPxx Hardware',
                  '',
                  '+----------+------------+----------------+',
                  '| PIN      | Resistor   | Power supply   |',
                  '+==========+============+================+',
                  '| VCC      |            | VCC (3.3V)     |',
                  '+----------+------------+----------------+',
                  '| GND      |            | GND            |',
                  '+----------+------------+----------------+',
                  '| GPIO0    | PullUp     |                |',
                  '+----------+------------+----------------+',
                  '| GPIO15   | PullDown   |                |',
                  '+----------+------------+----------------+',
                  '| CH\_PD   | PullUp     |                |',
                  '+----------+------------+----------------+',
                  '',
                  'Minimal',
                  '-------',
                  '',
                  '.. figure:: ESP_min.png',
                  '   :alt: ESP min',
                  '',
                  '   ESP min',
                  '',
                  'Improved Stability',
                  '------------------',
                  '',
                  '.. figure:: ESP_improved_stability.png',
                  '   :alt: ESP improved stability',
                  '',
                  '   ESP improved stability',
                  '',
                  'Boot Messages and Modes',
                  '-----------------------',
                  '',
                  'The ESP module checks at every boot the Pins 0, 2 and 15. based on them its boots in different modes:',
                  '',
                  '+----------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+',
                  '| GPIO15   | GPIO0   | GPIO2   | Mode                               |',
                  '+==========+=========+=========+====================================+',
                  '| 0V       | 0V      | 3.3V    | Uart Bootloader                    |',
                  '+----------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+',
                  '| 0V       | 3.3V    | 3.3V    | Boot sketch (SPI flash)            |',
                  '+----------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+',
                  '| 3.3V     | x       | x       | SDIO mode (not used for Arduino)   |',
                  '+----------+---------+---------+------------------------------------+',
                  '',
                  'at startup the ESP prints out the current boot mode example:',
                  '',
                  '::',
                  '',
                  '    rst cause:2, boot mode:(3,6)',
                  '',
                  'note: - GPIO2 is used as TX output and the internal Pullup is enabled on boot.',
                  '',
                  'rst cause',
                  '~~~~~~~~~',
                  '',
                  '+----------+------------------+',
                  '| Number   | Description      |',
                  '+==========+==================+',
                  '| 0        | unknown          |',
                  '+----------+------------------+',
                  '| 1        | normal boot      |',
                  '+----------+------------------+',
                  '| 2        | reset pin        |',
                  '+----------+------------------+',
                  '| 3        | software reset   |',
                  '+----------+------------------+',
                  '| 4        | watchdog reset   |',
                  '+----------+------------------+',
                  '',
                  'boot mode',
                  '~~~~~~~~~',
                  '',
                  'the first value respects the pin setup of the Pins 0, 2 and 15.',
                  '',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| Number   | GPIO15   | GPIO0   | GPIO2   | Mode        |',
                  '+==========+==========+=========+=========+=============+',
                  '| 0        | 0V       | 0V      | 0V      | Not valid   |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 1        | 0V       | 0V      | 3.3V    | Uart        |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 2        | 0V       | 3.3V    | 0V      | Not valid   |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 3        | 0V       | 3.3V    | 3.3V    | Flash       |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 4        | 3.3V     | 0V      | 0V      | SDIO        |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 5        | 3.3V     | 0V      | 3.3V    | SDIO        |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 6        | 3.3V     | 3.3V    | 0V      | SDIO        |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '| 7        | 3.3V     | 3.3V    | 3.3V    | SDIO        |',
                  '+----------+----------+---------+---------+-------------+',
                  '',
                  'note: - number = ((GPIO15 << 2) \| (GPIO0 << 1) \| GPIO2);',
                  ],
    })

Generic ESP8285 Module（8266芯片+1MB flash）：

( 'esp8285', {
        'name': 'Generic ESP8285 Module',
        'opts': {
            '.build.board': 'ESP8266_ESP01',
            },
        'macro': [
            'resetmethod_menu',
            'resetmethod_menu_extra',
            'crystalfreq_menu',
            'flashmode_dout',
            'flashfreq_40',
            '1M',
            'led',
            ],
        'desc': [ 'ESP8285 (`datasheet <http://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/0a-esp8285_datasheet_en_v1.0_20160422.pdf>`__) is a multi-chip package which contains ESP8266 and 1MB flash. All points related to bootstrapping resistors and recommended circuits listed above apply to ESP8285 as well.',
                  '',
                  'Note that since ESP8285 has SPI flash memory internally connected in DOUT mode, pins 9 and 10 may be used as GPIO / I2C / PWM pins.',
                  ],
    })

ESPDuino（ESP-13 Module）:

( 'espduino', {
        'name': 'ESPDuino (ESP-13 Module)',
        'opts': collections.OrderedDict([
            ( '.build.board', 'ESP8266_ESP13' ),
            ( '.build.variant', 'ESPDuino' ),
            ( '.menu.ResetMethod.v2', 'ESPduino-V2' ),
            ( '.menu.ResetMethod.v2.upload.resetmethod', 'nodemcu' ),
            ( '.menu.ResetMethod.v1', 'ESPduino-V1' ),
            ( '.menu.ResetMethod.v1.upload.resetmethod', 'ck' ),
            ( '.menu.UploadTool.esptool', 'Serial' ),
            ( '.menu.UploadTool.esptool.upload.tool', 'esptool' ),
            ( '.menu.UploadTool.esptool.upload.verbose', '-vv' ),
            ( '.menu.UploadTool.espota', 'OTA' ),
            ( '.menu.UploadTool.espota.upload.tool', 'espota' ),
            ]),
        'macro': [
            'flashmode_dio',
            'flashfreq_40',
            '4M',
            ],
        'desc': [ '*TODO*' ],
    })

NodeMcu 0.9（ESP-12 Module）:

( 'nodemcu', {
        'name': 'NodeMCU 0.9 (ESP-12 Module)',
        'opts': {
            '.build.board': 'ESP8266_NODEMCU',
            '.build.variant': 'nodemcu',
            },
        'macro': [
            'resetmethod_nodemcu',
            'flashmode_qio',
            'flashfreq_40',
            '4M',
            ],
        'desc': [ 'Pin mapping',
                  '~~~~~~~~~~~',
                  '',
                  'Pin numbers written on the board itself do not correspond to ESP8266 GPIO pin numbers. Constants are defined to make using this board easier:',
                  '',
                  '.. code:: c++',
                  '',
                  '    static const uint8_t D0   = 16;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D1   = 5;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D2   = 4;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D3   = 0;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D4   = 2;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D5   = 14;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D6   = 12;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D7   = 13;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D8   = 15;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D9   = 3;',
                  '    static const uint8_t D10  = 1;',
                  '',
                  'If you want to use NodeMCU pin 5, use D5 for pin number, and it will be translated to \'real\' GPIO pin 14.',
                  ],
    })

可以看出，NodeMcu 0.9 flashmode是qio，这个需要注意一下；

NodeMcu 1.0（ESP-12E Module）（目前NodeMcu板子很多都是这个）：

( 'nodemcuv2', {
        'name': 'NodeMCU 1.0 (ESP-12E Module)',
        'opts': {
            '.build.board': 'ESP8266_NODEMCU',
            '.build.variant': 'nodemcu',
            },
        'macro': [
            'resetmethod_nodemcu',
            'flashmode_dio',
            'flashfreq_40',
            '4M',
            ],
        'desc': [ 'This module is sold under many names for around $6.50 on AliExpress and it\'s one of the cheapest, fully integrated ESP8266 solutions.',
                  '',
                  'It\'s an open hardware design with an ESP-12E core and 4 MB of SPI flash.',
                  '',
                  'According to the manufacturer, "with a micro USB cable, you can connect NodeMCU devkit to your laptop and flash it without any trouble". This is more or less true: the board comes with a CP2102 onboard USB to serial adapter which just works, well, the majority of the time. Sometimes flashing fails and you have to reset the board by holding down FLASH +',
                  'RST, then releasing FLASH, then releasing RST. This forces the CP2102 device to power cycle and to be re-numbered by Linux.',
                  '',
                  'The board also features a NCP1117 voltage regulator, a blue LED on GPIO16 and a 220k/100k Ohm voltage divider on the ADC input pin.',
                  'The ESP-12E usually has a led connected on GPIO2.',
                  '',
                  'Full pinout and PDF schematics can be found `here <https://github.com/nodemcu/nodemcu-devkit-v1.0>`__',
                  ],
    })

可以看出，NodeMcu 1.0 flashmode是dio，这个需要注意一下；

WeMos D1 R1:

( 'd1', {
        'name': 'WeMos D1 R1',
        'opts': {
            '.build.board': 'ESP8266_WEMOS_D1R1',
            '.build.variant': 'd1',
            },
        'macro': [
            'resetmethod_nodemcu',
            'flashmode_dio',
            'flashfreq_40',
            '4M',
            ],
        'serial': '921',
        'desc': [ 'Product page: https://www.wemos.cc/' ],
    })

WiFiduino:

( 'wifiduino', {
        'name': 'WiFiduino',
        'opts': {
            '.build.board': 'WIFIDUINO_ESP8266',
            '.build.variant': 'wifiduino',
            },
        'macro': [
            'resetmethod_nodemcu',
            'flashmode_dio',
            'flashfreq_40',
            '4M',
            ],
        'serial': '921',
        'desc': [ 'Product page: https://wifiduino.com/esp8266' ],
    })

博主建议，尽量用对应开发板，比如我们常用NodeMcu。如果具体开发板不满足要求，再去考虑Generic ESP8266 或者Generic ESP8285。

3.2 Upload Speed —— 串口上传速率

烧写固件对应的串口速率：

 ####################### serial

    's9': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.9600', '9600' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.9600.upload.speed', '9600' ),
        ]),
    's57': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.57600', '57600' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.57600.upload.speed', '57600' ),
        ]),
    's115': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.115200', '115200' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.115200.upload.speed', '115200' ),
        ]),
    's256': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.256000.windows', '256000' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.256000.upload.speed', '256000' ),
        ]),
    's230': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.230400.linux', '230400' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.230400.macosx', '230400' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.230400.upload.speed', '230400' ),
        ]),
    's460': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.460800.linux', '460800' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.460800.macosx', '460800' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.460800.upload.speed', '460800' ),
        ]),
    's512': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.512000.windows', '512000' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.512000.upload.speed', '512000' ),
        ]),
    's921': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.921600', '921600' ),
        ( '.menu.UploadSpeed.921600.upload.speed', '921600' ),
        ]),

注意，根据目标板的不同，不一定会存在上面所有的数值选项。

该值越高意味着烧写速度越快，但是并非越高越好，容易烧写失败，建议维持系统默认值即可。

3.3 CPU Frequency —— CPU频率

CPU运行速率

'cpufreq_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.CpuFrequency.80', '80 MHz' ),
        ( '.menu.CpuFrequency.80.build.f_cpu', '80000000L' ),
        ( '.menu.CpuFrequency.160', '160 MHz' ),
        ( '.menu.CpuFrequency.160.build.f_cpu', '160000000L' ),
        ]),

默认是80MHz，当然也可以试试160MHz，但是可能不稳定。

3.4 Crystal Frequency —— 晶振振动频率

模块晶振频率，有26MHz或者40MHz，具体是多少请查阅各自开发板或者模块，一般情况默认26MHz即可：

'crystalfreq_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.CrystalFreq.26', '26 MHz' ),
        ( '.menu.CrystalFreq.40', '40 MHz' ),
        ( '.menu.CrystalFreq.40.build.extra_flags', '-DF_CRYSTAL=40000000 -DESP8266' ),
        ]),

3.5 Flash Size —— flash大小

设置目标板子的flash大小。

可以向下兼容，具体大小得看每个具体的esp8266开发板或者模块，目前有以下一些选项：

f512 =      flash_size(0x80000,  '512K', '512K0',   'eagle.flash.512k0.ld',     'no SPIFFS', 499696,   0x7B000)
    f512.update(flash_size(0x80000,  '512K', '512K32',  'eagle.flash.512k32.ld',   '32K SPIFFS', 466928,   0x73000,   0x8000,  4096))
    f512.update(flash_size(0x80000,  '512K', '512K64',  'eagle.flash.512k64.ld',   '64K SPIFFS', 434160,   0x6B000,   0x10000, 4096))
    f512.update(flash_size(0x80000,  '512K', '512K128', 'eagle.flash.512k128.ld', '128K SPIFFS', 368624,   0x5B000,   0x20000, 4096))
    f1m =       flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M0',     'eagle.flash.1m0.ld',       'no SPIFFS', 1023984,  0xFB000)
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M64',    'eagle.flash.1m64.ld',     '64K SPIFFS', 958448,   0xEB000,   0x10000, 4096))
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M128',   'eagle.flash.1m128.ld',   '128K SPIFFS', 892912,   0xDB000,   0x20000, 4096))
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M144',   'eagle.flash.1m144.ld',   '144K SPIFFS', 876528,   0xD7000,   0x24000, 4096))
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M160',   'eagle.flash.1m160.ld',   '160K SPIFFS', 860144,   0xD3000,   0x28000, 4096))
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M192',   'eagle.flash.1m192.ld',   '192K SPIFFS', 827376,   0xCB000,   0x30000, 4096))
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M256',   'eagle.flash.1m256.ld',   '256K SPIFFS', 761840,   0xBB000,   0x40000, 4096))
    f1m.update( flash_size(0x100000,   '1M', '1M512',   'eagle.flash.1m512.ld',   '512K SPIFFS', 499696,   0x7B000,   0x80000, 8192))
    f2m =       flash_size(0x200000,   '2M', '2M',      'eagle.flash.2m.ld',        '1M SPIFFS', 1044464, 0x100000,   0xFB000, 8192)
    f4m =       flash_size(0x400000,   '4M', '4M1M',    'eagle.flash.4m1m.ld',      '1M SPIFFS', 1044464, 0x300000,   0xFB000, 8192)
    f4m.update( flash_size(0x400000,   '4M', '4M2M',    'eagle.flash.4m2m.ld',      '2M SPIFFS', 1044464, 0x200000,  0x1FB000, 8192))
    f4m.update( flash_size(0x400000,   '4M', '4M3M',    'eagle.flash.4m.ld',        '3M SPIFFS', 1044464, 0x100000,  0x2FB000, 8192))
    f8m =       flash_size(0x800000,   '8M', '8M7M',    'eagle.flash.8m.ld',        '7M SPIFFS', 1044464, 0x100000,  0x6FB000, 8192)
    f16m =      flash_size(0x1000000, '16M', '16M15M',  'eagle.flash.16m.ld',      '15M SPIFFS', 1044464, 0x100000,  0xEFB000, 8192)

系统会根据我们选择的flashsize然后找到对应的flash映射文件。比如，我们选择了1M 256K SPIFFS，那么系统就会找到 eagle.flash.1m256.ld文件，然后映射里面对应的flash地址。

/* Flash Split for 1M chips */
/* sketch 743KB */
/* spiffs 256KB */
/* eeprom 20KB */

MEMORY
{
  dport0_0_seg :                        org = 0x3FF00000, len = 0x10
  dram0_0_seg :                         org = 0x3FFE8000, len = 0x14000
  iram1_0_seg :                         org = 0x40100000, len = 0x8000
  irom0_0_seg :                         org = 0x40201010, len = 0xb9ff0
}

PROVIDE ( _SPIFFS_start = 0x402BB000 );
PROVIDE ( _SPIFFS_end = 0x402FB000 );
PROVIDE ( _SPIFFS_page = 0x100 );
PROVIDE ( _SPIFFS_block = 0x1000 );

INCLUDE "eagle.app.v6.common.ld"

3.6 Flash Mode —— flash传输模式

设置flash传输模式。

不同flash芯片，spi连接方式不同，意味着flashmode不同：

####################### menu.FlashMode

    'flashmode_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.qio', 'QIO' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.qio.build.flash_mode', 'qio' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.qout', 'QOUT' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.qout.build.flash_mode', 'qout' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.dio', 'DIO' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.dio.build.flash_mode', 'dio' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.dout', 'DOUT' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashMode.dout.build.flash_mode', 'dout' ),
        ]),

    ####################### default flash_mode

    'flashmode_dio': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.build.flash_mode', 'dio' ),
        ]),

    'flashmode_qio': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.build.flash_mode', 'qio' ),
        ]),

    'flashmode_dout': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.build.flash_mode', 'dout' ),
        ]),

    'flashmode_qout': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.build.flash_mode', 'qout' ),
        ]),

那么它们之间的区别在哪里呢？
1）QIO , for flash that support quad r/w operation(e.g. W25Q flash芯片)
2）QOUT, for flash that support quad read operation(e.g. W25Q flash芯片)
3）DIO, for flash that support dual r/w operation(e.g. W25Q &W25X flash芯片)
4）DOUT, for flash that support dual read operation(e.g. W25Q &W25X flash芯片)
它们之间的区别可以简单理解为传输速率的区别，quad是四倍传输速率，dual是两倍传输速率。
经测试：
Winbond 25Q32B 可工作于 DIO / DOUT / QIO /QOUT (Noduino Falcon)；
BergMicro 25Q32A 只可工作于 DIO / DOUT (NodeMCU V1.0 可能是 ESP-12E 接线的问题）；
MXIC 25L80 （小 K mini）只可工作于 DOUT；

Flash Size大于Flash实际大小，最好改成往下兼容Flash实际大小，也就是不能大于Flash实际大小，Flash Size有多种选型，请看下图：

注意：
这一点是很多初学者容易忽略的地方，有时候烧写失败或者烧写成功但是显示一堆乱码，往往就是flashmode引起的，这一点需要特别注意。

3.7 Flash Frequency —— flash传输频率

flash的运行频率，一般有40MHz或者80MHz，默认是40MHz。

'flashfreq_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.FlashFreq.40', '40MHz' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashFreq.40.build.flash_freq', '40' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashFreq.80', '80MHz' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashFreq.80.build.flash_freq', '80' ),
        ]),

    'flashfreq_40': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.build.flash_freq', '40' ),
        ]),

    'flashfreq_80': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.build.flash_freq', '80' ),
        ]),

3.8 Reset Method —— 重启方法

模块重启方法。一般选择ck，nodemcu选择nodemcu。

####################### menu.resetmethod

    'resetmethod_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.ck', 'ck' ),
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.ck.upload.resetmethod', 'ck' ),
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.nodemcu', 'nodemcu' ),
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.nodemcu.upload.resetmethod', 'nodemcu' ),
        ]),

    'resetmethod_menu_extra': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.none', 'none' ),
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.none.upload.resetmethod', 'none' ),
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.dtrset', 'dtrset' ),
        ( '.menu.ResetMethod.dtrset.upload.resetmethod', 'dtrset' ),
        ]),

    ####################### upload.resetmethod

    'resetmethod_ck': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.upload.resetmethod', 'ck' ),
        ]),

    'resetmethod_nodemcu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.upload.resetmethod', 'nodemcu' ),
        ]),

    'resetmethod_none': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.upload.resetmethod', 'none' ),
        ]),

    'resetmethod_dtrset': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.upload.resetmethod', 'dtrset' ),
        ]),

3.9 Debug port —— 调试信息打印端口

设置调试信息打印串口端口，disabled表示不打印。有以下选项：

Serial
Serial1

generic.menu.Debug.Disabled=Disabled
generic.menu.Debug.Disabled.build.debug_port=
generic.menu.Debug.Serial=Serial
generic.menu.Debug.Serial.build.debug_port=-DDEBUG_ESP_PORT=Serial
generic.menu.Debug.Serial1=Serial1
generic.menu.Debug.Serial1.build.debug_port=-DDEBUG_ESP_PORT=Serial1

3.10 Debug Level —— 调试信息打印级别

设置调试信息打印，用于开启需要打印哪些调试信息。常见选项如下：

generic.menu.DebugLevel.None____=None
generic.menu.DebugLevel.None____.build.debug_level=
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSL=SSL
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSL.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEM=TLS_MEM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEM.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_CLIENT=HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_CLIENT.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_SERVER=HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEM=SSL+TLS_MEM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEM.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLHTTP_CLIENT=SSL+HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLHTTP_CLIENT.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLHTTP_SERVER=SSL+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENT=TLS_MEM+HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENT.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEMHTTP_SERVER=TLS_MEM+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEMHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER=HTTP_CLIENT+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENT=SSL+TLS_MEM+HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENT.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_SERVER=SSL+TLS_MEM+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER=SSL+HTTP_CLIENT+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER=TLS_MEM+HTTP_CLIENT+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.TLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER=SSL+TLS_MEM+HTTP_CLIENT+HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.CORE=CORE
generic.menu.DebugLevel.CORE.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_CORE
generic.menu.DebugLevel.WIFI=WIFI
generic.menu.DebugLevel.WIFI.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_WIFI
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_UPDATE=HTTP_UPDATE
generic.menu.DebugLevel.HTTP_UPDATE.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_UPDATE
generic.menu.DebugLevel.UPDATER=UPDATER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.UPDATER.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_UPDATER
generic.menu.DebugLevel.OTA=OTA
generic.menu.DebugLevel.OTA.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_OTA
generic.menu.DebugLevel.OOM=OOM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.OOM.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_OOM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.COREWIFIHTTP_UPDATEUPDATEROTAOOM=CORE+WIFI+HTTP_UPDATE+UPDATER+OTA+OOM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.COREWIFIHTTP_UPDATEUPDATEROTAOOM.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_CORE -DDEBUG_ESP_WIFI -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_UPDATE -DDEBUG_ESP_UPDATER -DDEBUG_ESP_OTA -DDEBUG_ESP_OOM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVERCOREWIFIHTTP_UPDATEUPDATEROTAOOM=SSL+TLS_MEM+HTTP_CLIENT+HTTP_SERVER+CORE+WIFI+HTTP_UPDATE+UPDATER+OTA+OOM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.SSLTLS_MEMHTTP_CLIENTHTTP_SERVERCOREWIFIHTTP_UPDATEUPDATEROTAOOM.build.debug_level= -DDEBUG_ESP_SSL -DDEBUG_ESP_TLS_MEM -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER -DDEBUG_ESP_CORE -DDEBUG_ESP_WIFI -DDEBUG_ESP_HTTP_UPDATE -DDEBUG_ESP_UPDATER -DDEBUG_ESP_OTA -DDEBUG_ESP_OOM
generic.menu.DebugLevel.NoAssert-NDEBUG=NoAssert-NDEBUG
generic.menu.DebugLevel.NoAssert-NDEBUG.build.debug_level= -DNDEBUG

DEBUG_ESP_HTTP_CLIENT（ESP8266HTTPClient库调试信息）
DEBUG_ESP_OTA（ArduinoOTA库调试信息）
DEBUG_ESP_WIFI（ESP8266WiFi库调试信息）
DEBUG_ESP_MDNS（ESP8266mDNS库调试信息）
DEBUG_ESP_HTTP_UPDATE（ESP8266httpUpdate库调试信息）
DEBUG_ESP_HTTP_SERVER（ESP8266WebServer库调试信息）
DEBUG_ESP_CORE（esp8266 core核心库的调试信息）

默认是不开启打印调试信息。

3.11 lwIP Variant

跟网络协议相关，博主不懂，暂时跳过，默认就好；

3.12 VTables —— 虚函数链

C++中虚函数链存放位置，默认不改。有以下选项：

'vtable_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.VTable.flash', 'Flash'),
        ( '.menu.VTable.flash.build.vtable_flags', '-DVTABLES_IN_FLASH'),
        ( '.menu.VTable.heap', 'Heap'),
        ( '.menu.VTable.heap.build.vtable_flags', '-DVTABLES_IN_DRAM'),
        ( '.menu.VTable.iram', 'IRAM'),
        ( '.menu.VTable.iram.build.vtable_flags', '-DVTABLES_IN_IRAM'),
        ]),

3.13 Exceptions

博主没有看到这个选项用于什么地方，猜测跟是否抛出异常相关，默认是关闭。

3.14 Builtin Led —— 板载led

用于设置板载led的引脚位置。我们可以看看NodeMcu的板载灯设置：

/*
  pins_arduino.h - Pin definition functions for Arduino
  Part of Arduino - http://www.arduino.cc/

  Copyright (c) 2007 David A. Mellis
  Modified for ESP8266 platform by Ivan Grokhotkov, 2014-2015.

  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General
  Public License along with this library; if not, write to the
  Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
  Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

  $Id: wiring.h 249 2007-02-03 16:52:51Z mellis $
*/

#ifndef Pins_Arduino_h
#define Pins_Arduino_h

#define PIN_WIRE_SDA (4)
#define PIN_WIRE_SCL (5)

static const uint8_t SDA = PIN_WIRE_SDA;
static const uint8_t SCL = PIN_WIRE_SCL;

#define LED_BUILTIN 16

static const uint8_t D0   = 16;
static const uint8_t D1   = 5;
static const uint8_t D2   = 4;
static const uint8_t D3   = 0;
static const uint8_t D4   = 2;
static const uint8_t D5   = 14;
static const uint8_t D6   = 12;
static const uint8_t D7   = 13;
static const uint8_t D8   = 15;
static const uint8_t D9   = 3;
static const uint8_t D10  = 1;

#include "../generic/common.h"

#endif /* Pins_Arduino_h */

LED_BUILTIN就是板载灯的引脚位置，当然如果我们想自定义位置，那么就可以通过这个编译选项去配置。

3.15 Erase Flash —— 擦除flash方式

烧写固件时擦除flash的方式，有以下几种选项：

####################### flash erase

    'flash_erase_menu': collections.OrderedDict([
        ( '.menu.FlashErase.none', 'Only Sketch' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashErase.none.upload.erase_cmd', '' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashErase.sdk', 'Sketch + WiFi Settings' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashErase.sdk.upload.erase_cmd', '-ca "{build.rfcal_addr}" -cz 0x4000' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashErase.all', 'All Flash Contents' ),
        ( '.menu.FlashErase.all.upload.erase_cmd', '-ca 0x0 -cz "{build.flash_size_bytes}"' ),
        ]),

    }

Only Sketch 仅仅是覆盖代码区；
Sketch + WiFi Settings 覆盖代码区以及wifi配置的地方（比如存放ssid和密码）；
All Flash Contents 整个flash内容，相当于全部清除；

至于用哪一种，得看具体需求，因为清除的内容越多就意味着烧写时间越长。

4.总结

本篇主要讲解了Arduino IDE For 8266的烧录配置，博主的建议是尽量找到对应开发板的编译配置（也就是说第一步要确认好目标板），然后实在找不到才考虑上面自定义编译选项去满足需求。

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